Controlling Cyber Deviance in the Workplace Assignment

Controlling Cyber Deviance in the Workplace - Assignment Example Cyber deviance is on the rise in many workplaces as most employees engage in Internet abuse unrelated to work. Employees use the Internet for other purposes including sending personal emails and chatting with friends and family members. According to Kimberly (2014), several studies have confirmed that the majority of employees in many companies abuse the Internet (P. 194). Among the most common cyber deviance recorded include, surfing the Internet during work hours, accessing pornography, online chatting, gaming and shopping at work. New studies show that cyber deviance among employees during working hours, costs corporations many cash in lost revenues, reduced productivity, draining network resources, adverse publicity and possible legal liability (Kimberly, 2014). As such, it is paramount for employers and companies to develop strategies to deal with cyber deviance among employees to reduce the loss. This paper will focus on the possible reduction of workplace cyber deviance among employees in a travel agency. In such a company, employees are equipped with the Internet access for various work purposes. Travel orders and payments for such a firm are done online. Some employees are mandated with the role of ensuring travellers buy their tickets on time and are put on the right vehicles. Due to widespread Internet usage for such a company, chances of possible cyber deviance among the employees are very high. As discussed earlier, cyber deviance and consequent Internet abuse can result in enormous losses for this travel company. The company needs a comprehensive action plan to ensure that cyber deviance among its employees is minimal. This paper proposes a holistic action plan to deal with cyber deviance for the company. The action plan to reduce cyber deviance for the enterprise is the Internet Acceptable Usage Policy (IAUP).  Ã‚  

Fair is foul and foul is fair Essay Example for Free

Fair is foul and foul is fair Essay Fair is foul and foul is fair.(1,1,190) The total theme of Shakespeares play Macbeth. The three sisters, also known as, witches begin what will later unravel into many deaths and a concluding tragedy. Who is at fault for this domino-killing spree? No other then a pure evil mixture of the witches and their undercover sidekick Lady Macbeth. Hecate held a very important role in the murders of an innocent family, but then again its expected of evil. Macbeth proves that evil does have more power then good, but in the end what goes around comes around. All Hail Macbeth, that shalt be Kind hereafter. (1,3,194). This is the single line ignites all of the horrors throughout the play. Macbeth, before he met the witches was not a bad person. Macbeth was actually fighting rebels for the kings protection, not to mention in a very honorable position of Thane of Glamis. Macbeth, in the beginning had all of the qualities of an honorable gentleman who could become anything. This is all shattered with his ambition overrides his sense of morality (What are the influences). The witches made him feel that he will be kind and that it was his destiny. (Power). Macbeths life turned a total three sixty into the evil direction. The witches manipulated his thoughts, and images worked his mind. (Power). Of course they were only words that the witches gave, but keeping in mind what powerful beings they were presented to be in the era of Macbeth, they were considered to be able to: see into the future, make people fall ill with the use of spells and potions, as well as to kill anyone at any distance. They were also known to cause bad weather and storms, which the play had begun with, (Macbeth: Witchcraft). Duncans death was entirely the witches fault, they told Macbeth hed be king, basically giving Macbeth permission to kill. Obviously Macbeth felt that since it was in the future then it didnt matter how exactly he would become king. Macbeth decided to take action on himself and not wait around for his prize. Although Macbeth has considered killing Duncan in the past it is not certain that he would have actually committed the murder were it not for the witches fortune telling. (Response to Brians Paper). The downfall of Macbeths fortune is the witches never told him once you start, you will never be able to stop the killings. They didnt seem to mention that everyone is responsible for his own destiny, and once he kills for his first time, he has no choice but to continue to cover-up his wrong doings, or risk losing everything he has worked so hard for, (What are the influences). If the witches would have told Macbeth that king would cost him killing his best friend Banquo who give him the best advice when he said Were such things here as we do speak or have we eaten on the insane root that takes the reason prisoner? (1,3,195). He also refers to the witches at instruments, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betrays in deepest consequence. (1,3,196). Banquos basically smarter then Macbeth, obvious to why the witches referred to him as happier and greater then Macbeth. He noted that, why would these evil witches want to tell you things that will help you out. Its obvious that they will benefit from the situation somehow. Having Macbeths trust is one way, where they will be able to have great power. Banquo believes that evil brings consequences. A few of the consequences were partly Macbeth having to kill the drunken guards to cover up Duncans murder, then killing Banquo. Of course the witches werent all at fault, Macbeth had a very powerful Id on his hands as well. Her name is Lady Macbeth, someone who Macbeth considered his equal. They were happily married and living an ordinary life. Lady Macbeth could however possible be a witch herself. Its a fact that in a major textbook for witch hunters, Malleus Maleficarum, describes how witches are able to make men impotent, or even make their penises disappear. (Riedel). The reality of Macbeths penis disappearing at that time would most likely cause him suspicious of Lady Macbeth as a wife, but it is true that they did not have any children, thank god, and in those days, for a woman to not be able to child bare was very unacceptable. Lady Macbeth proves her evilness remarking I have given suck, and know how tender tis to love the babe that mils me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, has I so sworn as you have done to this. (1,7, 206). Lady Macbeth was right beside Macbeth in every action he took, urging him and playing on his insecurities. Lady Macbeth plays the key role as she removes her feminine caring feelings so she can push Macbeth to carry out the murder. (Power). Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth that hes not a man if hes cant do it. She almost challenges his masculinity and bravery. If Macbeth wants to make her happy he would do as she says, which is Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent undert. (1,5, 202). The supernatural world will aid her in the hardening of her heart and make it possible for her to carry out her malicious plan. (Wyn). Lady Macbeth is more of a forceful push towards the murder. The witches are the security behind the murder, for they tell Macbeth that he will be kind, and Lady Macbeth acts more of a catalyst, harassing Macbeth and forcing him to carry out the murders. (Power). There is only one witch that has a name. She is Hecate which means she who works from afar. (Something Wicked This Way Comes) Hecate, playing only a small role in Macbeths play is at fault for Macduffs familys murders. Hecate, being displeased with all of the negative actions Macbeth has been causing, especially since she was not apart of the evil that was going around. How did you dare to trade and traffic with Macbeth in riddles and affairs of death; and I, the mistress of your charms, the close contriver of all harms, was never called to bear my part or show the glory of our art? (5, 1, 237). Hecate decided to give Macbeth some new apparitions. These apparitions were to bring Macbeth to his tragedy and downfall. Hecate, even in the rise of bringing evil to someone evil, still caused harm and death to the innocent. Beware Macduff; Beware the Thane of Fife. (4,1,244). Of course taking everything the witches say one hundred percent seriously the first thing Macbeth did was get revenge on Macduffs family since he was not to be found to kill. It is all Hecates pure joy for the game of evil that that unfortunate scene happened. Other then Macduff, Hecate did help to put an end to Macbeth with apparitions that allowed him to let down his guards and making him very accessible to death. In conclusion all of the deaths in Macbeth were at the faults of the witches, and his wife. The witches prophesies were intentionally ambiguous, and their alliteration and rhymed couplets with which they spoke their omens, contributed to the effect of instability and confusion in their words. (ClassicNote). Thus having Macbeth believe that he was to be kind in the first place. They could have meant something totally different, that he may have been a different type of king, in a different country. Macbeth didnt really positively know what kind of king or where or anything, he just jumped on assumptions, and did what he had to do to get there. Macbeth stepped on everyone in the play below himself and deceived everyone around him. Macbeths wife played on the role of a powerful woman figure in the household, she was only thinking of herself and everything she would gain by being married to the king, but underestimated the power of guilt. Guilt played the key role in another small factor, which lead Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to their graves. The theme of this play foul is fair and fair is foul ends in death.

The Basics Of Fascism And Its Attraction Politics Essay

The Basics Of Fascism And Its Attraction Politics Essay This essay examines the basic ideas of fascism and answeres the question why it attracted so many people. Fascism is an anti-liberal and anti-democratic ideology, which emerged in 1920. I will argue that the basic ideas of fascism are anti-rationalism, social Darwinism, elitism, socialism, ultranationalism, totalitarism, modernisation, racialism and corporatism. Fascist ideology believes in the supremacy of the nation over the individual and glorifies the state. I argue that fascism attracted many people because for many reasons. The first is the difficult period of the economic crisis and unemployment. People wanted that their lives to be improved and supported the Fascist party, which promised it. The second reason was that states on the 1920s and 1930s did not have stable governments. So, people disliked democracy, which did not bring economic stability. The third reason was peoples fear about social revolution as in Russia. People supported an ideology which was different from So viet socialism, which they feared so much. The fourth reason was nationalism. After the First World War in Germany nationalism was frustrated. So, fascism was accepted within the basic idea of nationalism. The fifth reason is the successful fascist propaganda and brainwashing of people. Basis of argument My basic argument is based upon three different views of fascist ideology and its basic ideas. Harun has a very critical view of fascism. He claims that fascism is based upon Darwinist theory and the basic ideas came from Darwinism. He blamed Darwinist theory, which was responsible for violence and bloodshed (Harun, 2002: 10). He used citation from Koran. Harun wrote his book Fascism the bloody ideology of Darwinism so that all people did not forget about morality and would never support this ideology. I think Harun is very critical of Fascism because it rejected all religions and the existence of God. I argue that we can find some positive moments in this ideology, such as modernization and nationalism, which could bring national identity, self-determination and patriotism. Gregor has a different opinion about fascism. He claimed that Fascist totalitarianism has its roots in Marxist theory (Gregor, 2009: 12). He believes that fascism is a variant of Marxism. Fascism developed becaus e of the uncertainty of classical Marxism. He argues that the basic ideas of fascism as elitism, nationalism and developmentalism appeared before the Italian war in 1911. These concepts engaged the Austro-Marxists attention and this helps us understand the attraction of fascism (Gregor, 2009:160). I could accept that Marxism and fascism has some similarities, but I argue that they have more differences than simmilarities. I do not agree with Gregor that fascism is a variant of Marxism. I think that fascism is a form of nationalism and Marxism is a form of internationalism. Internationalism leads to a mix of national societies. Nationalism leads to a belief in the superiority of the nation and the right to elimininate other nations. Heywood neither critises fascism or nor justifies it. He describes the basic ideas of fascism without emphasis on either Darwinism or Maxism. I argue that, whether, fascism was based on Darwinism or Marxism, its basic ideas are the glorification of the to talitarian, corporatist state, the belief in supremacy of nation over the individual, elitism, ultranationalism anti-rationalism. Fascist ideology The term Fascism came from the Italian word fasces, which means a bundle of rods with an axe-blade. By the 1890s, the word fascia refered to a political group, usually of revolutionary socialists. From the early 20th Century, under Mussolini, this term had a clear ideological meaning. It emerged in 1920 against modernity, against the principles of the Enlightenment and wanted a new political world, destroying the inheritance of old political thought. The ideas of fascism come from the 19th Century, and were shaped by the First World War, revolutions and wars. Fascism emerged most successfully in Germany and Italy. The leader of a Fascist Party was Benito Mussolini. It was formed in 1919. By 1926 a fascist state was established. In 1919 The National Socialist German Workers Party was formed under Adolf Gitler, adopting the style of Mussolinis Fascism. By 1933 Germany had a Nazi dictatorship (Heywood, 2003: 214-215). Some people believed that Fascism was interwar phenomenon. However, other argued that it is an ever-present danger, the fear of freedom (Heywood, 2003: 216). Fascism is an ideology which difficult to analyse. Firstly, because fascism does not have a rational core. Hitler described fascism as a world view rather than an ideology. The fascism emphasis upon action not ideas. Heywood claimed that it is almost religious set of concepts which demand faith and order. It could be also describes as political movement or even political religion. Secondly, there is no exact answer about fascism. Where does fascism begin and end? In which countries were fascist movements? Doubt, Francos Spain, Hitlers Germany, Vichy France, and Perons Argentina can be called as fascist. There are a lot of opinions and theories about the core of fascism. Noltes theory that fascists core is a resistance to transcendence. Gregor argued that it should create the total charismatic community. Griffins belief that it established palingenetic ultranationalism. We can see that these different Formulas have highlights for features of fascism and no one separately can characterise the shapeless ideology of fascism (Heywood, 2003: 217). However, I tried to allocate the basic ideas of fascism, dividing fascist ideology on the most significant of these: anti-rationalism, social Darwinism, elitism, borrowed issues from socialism, ultranationalism, and the glorification of the state. Basic ideas of fascism Anti-rationalism Fascist movements have arisen from the First Worl War upheavals. The most significant ideas were anti-rationalism and extreme counter-Enlightenment concepts. Anti-rationalism influenced fascism in three ways. Firstly, it gave anti-intellectualism: the principle is to execrate thinking and revere action. For example, Mussolinis slogans were Acton not Talk, Inactivity is Death. Intellectual life was despised. Fascism based on the emotions and the instincts. The major leaders of fascist ideology, Hitler and Mussolini, were interested in ideas because they wanted that their power had the emotional response and provocated society into action. Fascism practised the politics of the will. Secondly, because of rejecting the Enlightenment fascism has a negative character. It is clearer about what they oppose, rather than support. Fascism is anti-rational, anti-capitalist, anti-conservative, anti-communist, anti-liberal, etc. Thirdly, fascism abandoned the universalism, so placed its faith in culture, organic community and history. Fascists believe that the national community is indivisible and the strength of the nation is a cultural unity. Nazi slogan Strength through Unity confirms that (Heywood, 2003: 217-220). Darwinism The second concept of fascism has the theory of Darwinism. In the 19th century Darwin ideas had effect upon political thought. Belief that the life is based on struggle was very attractive. However, fascists regarded struggle as natural condition of life. Fascists believed that competition and conflict promote human progress and reward hard-working people and punish the weak. Hitler told Victory is to the strong and the weak must go to the wall. Human existense is struggle, where the test is war. Hitler claimed that war is an unalterable law of the whole of life. Fascism opposes kidness, compation, caring and all positive moral characteristics because it led to the weakness, which should be rejected. However, fascists respect these kinds of values as loyalty, obedience and duty. To sum up, the idea of life as an unending struggle gave to fascism expansionist character (Hetwood, 2003: 220-221). According to Harun, Darwinist theory gave the chance for fascist ideology birth. He argue that fascism oppose morality rules, which religion gave to people. Fascism replaced it by racist, cruel and bloody paganist ideology. Harun claimed that Darwin, Haeckel and Galton have support to paganism by denying existentence of God and the theory that all our life consists from the struggle (Harun, 2002: 56). A good example of it is Nazi Germany, nazists killed the sick people, handicapped, Jews and the elderly because they thought that the strong have the right to live and crush the weak. These ideas are the reason of war, shedding the blood and lead to cruelty (Harun, 2002: 54-55). Harun blaimed Darwinism for the birth of fascism and claimed that basic ideas of fascist ideology is going from Darwinism. Firstly, Darwinism provided the ideas of racism because of the theory of struggle and that some races are more superior than others. It gave the rise of racism. Secondly, Darwinism provided a reason of bloodshed. In theory, it was normal and usual that strong eliminated weak or others races. Thirdly, Darwinism provided the idea of eugenics. Fascists wanted to improve the nation, eliminating the other races. The war is the biological necessity. Harun claimed that Darwinism is a formal reason for the First World War and other cruel war-tendencies of fascism (Harun, 2002: 37-39). Elitism Fascism is elitist and patriarchal ideology, which reject equality of people. The belief is that elite rule is always desirable led to the idea of supreme leadership. Fascist leaders, Mussolini and Hitler, proclaimed themselves as the Leaders. The leader was viewed as tallanted individual and his athority was absolute. These slogans: Hitler is Germany, Germany is Hitler, Mussolini is always right confirmed that. The principle of fascist state was the leader principle, which means that all athority depends on the leader. Parliaments, elections were abolished (Heywood, 2003:223). Socialism Mussolini was a member of the Italian Socialist Party; Nazi Party shared the issues from the national socialism theory. We can say that fascism has borrowed issues from socialist ideology. Gregor believes that fascism based on Marxism and the basic ideas of fascism came from Marxism (Gregor, 2002: 160). I do not agree with Gregor, because fascists rejected materialism. Because of the desire for wealth is very far from the fascist idea of world conquest. To compare with socialism, both fascism and socialism supported collectivism. Fascist regime used socialist-style economy to control, using capitalism for its own purposes. The economic policy was very pragmatic. The revolution which fascists brought was not social. It was the psychological revolution with the aim to create a new fascist man, who is self-sacrifice with honour and motivated by duties. Fascism was anti-communism because wanted to create the stronger nation rathen than social class (Heywood, 2003: 225). Ultranationalism Fascism has the idea of chauvinistic nationalism. It believed in supremacy of nation over individual. It demands the allegation of power over the nations through war and expansionism. It has more than just patriotism and national pride; it has the militant and aggressive character (Heywood, 2003: 225). Peyne believed that the crisis of World War I, social conflict and economic problems which resulted in spiritual collapse gave a chance to nationalism to flourish (Larsen, 1980: 15). This belief linked to imperialism. If liberalists claimed that economic improves because of international trade and interdependence, fascists argued that economic improves then it based upon the capacity of the nation to control directly the resources. Conquest is used for gaining security. Economy linked with millitary power. For example, in Nazi Germany Hitler claimed that preparation for war is a political priority (Heywood, 2003: 225-226). Fascism and the State Totalitarianism The one of the fascist idea is to create a totalitatian state. It was most relevant in Italisn fascism. Fascists argued that the state is the greatest idea of human existence. The slogan Everything is for the state confirmed it. Hegel claimed that the civilization could be achieved only if the state develops. In contrast, in Germany Hitler believed that the main power is going not from the state but from the race, the German people. However, Hitler more realized totalitatian regime than Mussolini did. In Germany fascists political controlled the state over the media, culture and education more than in Italy. However, Italy practised more a traditional dictatorship. For example, in Italy monarchy survived after the fascist period and political leaders continued in power (Heywood, 2003: 227-228). Corporatism Fascism had the feature of corporatism. Mussolini claimed that corporatism is the third way between capitalism and socialism. It opposes the free market. It is for creating profits by indvidual, which led to the idea of class war. Corporatism is based on the idea that labour and business linked together. Thus, social classes can work together for national interests. Good relations between labour and business led to economic and moral progress. But, these relations should be regulated by the state. In Italy 22 corporations were created, which represented government, workers and employers. These corporations concerned industries development in Italy. In 1939 these corporations replaced the Parliament in Italy. But, corporatism was more than a mean which the Fascist states controlled the economy (Heywood, 2003: 229-230). However, corporatism in Nazi Germany never was takes seriously by Nazi theorists (OSullivan, 1983: 134). Modernization Fascists saw the state as an agent of modernization. This feature of Italian fascism influenced of futurism, movement in the art, with the factories as machinery and industry. Mussolini was interested in modernization, because wanted to break with traditions and create an industrial country (Heywood, 2003: 230). Racialism Not all fascists are necessary rasialists. For example, Italisn fascism was based on the supremacy of state over individual and in theory, no matter what the race and colour of people who lived in the state. In 1937, Mussolini legalized anti-semitic laws. But, fascism often mathes with racialism; Nazi Germany is a good example where the link between racialism and fascism was very evident. Nazists created the racial stereotype of the tall, blue-eyed blonde Aryan; however, Hitler did not fit this stereotype. Nazists could never agreed which stereotype is correct. Hitler divided people into three groups. The first is the Aryans, the best race category, which is responsible for all creativity, whether in music, politics or literature. Second, the group of people who could utilize the ideas of German people but did not have the capacity for creatvity. The thirs group is Jews, the destroyers of culture. Hitler believed that conflict between good and evil is the struggle between the Jews and the Germans. He claimed that this struggle could only end either in German world domination or Jews victory. Thus, In Nazi Germany anti-semitism existed. This ideology and belief that Aryans is the master race led to war. If the Aryans are the best race, it means that they should dominate. The Nazis claimed that Germany could never be secure if Jews existed. Nazi regime led to the death of 6 million Jewish people (Heywood, 2003: 230 -239). Why did fascism attract so many people? After the First World War, Italy was in economic and political crisis. The war brought unemployment, uncertainty and disorder. Uncertainty in the economic and political world opened the opportunity for right-wing extrimism (Heywood, 2003: 237-239). So, the first reason why fascism attracted so many people was the economic crisis, pessimistic atmosphere and unemployment. Fascism was supported by the poor and the working class because people wanted that their conditions of life to improve. For example, in Italy in 1919 Mussolini promised reforms: land for peasants, improvement of life and working conditions and a strong foreign policy. People liked the idea of a high level of employment and to become equal. The second reason is the basic ideas of fascism. People enjoyed the idea that their race was superior. People believed in this and supported the fascist party. The third reason was that Italian government failed in dealing with domestic affairs, so society wanted a different and sta ble government (Heywood, 2003: 216). The fourth reason was the peoples fear about social revolution in Russia spreading to Europe. Fascism was the extreme opposite of Soviet socialism (Gregor, 2009: 2). So, people supported an ideology which was different from Soviet socialism, of which they were afraid so much. The fifth reason was peoples dislike of constitutional government and democracy which could not deal with economic crisis. The sixth reason is that the First World War did not solve international conflicts. Germany disliked the Versailles pease settlement and wanted to have revenge. The experience of war brought frustrated nationalism. Fascism was easily accepted by Germans. The seventh reason was successful propaganda and censorship. The public was brainwashed very much, in schools, newspapers, etc. One way of brainwashing was by burning books which contained un-German ideas. Students participated in this, with the accompaniment of Nazi songs and salutes (Harun, 2002: 83). Rich people did not support very much fascist party. The eighth reason is that Mussolini was an opportunist and could easily change his party programme to please the propertied class and win. The nineth reason, according to Harun, was the lack of education in many communities. He suggests that fascism, which is based on nationalism, chauvinism and racism, could only be accepted by the uneducated. They were trapped because they saw the fascist party as a lifebelt (Harun, 2002: 69). Conclusion In this essay I analysed different opinions and views of fascisms basic ideas. I have argued that the main principles of this ideology are the glorification of the totalitarian, corporatist state, the belief in the supremacy of nation over individual, anti-rationalism, social Darwinism, elitism, socialism and ultranationalism. Fascism as ideology and ultranationalistic movement attracted many people. The first reason was the disorder and unemployment of that time. The second reason was political instability, which could not cope with economic crisis. The third reason was propaganda and the brainwashing of people, in which fascist ideology was very successful. The fourth reason was a fear of Soviet socialism, which could spread to Europe. The fifth reason was nationalism, which had been frustrated in Germany. The sixth reason was the ideas of fascism which people liked. For example, the idea that their nation was superior

Patriotism :: Essays Papers

Patriotism An egotist, according to the American Heritage Dictionary, is one devoted to his or her own interests and advancement. Everyone is an egotist in one way or another. Even when a person commits the most selfless acts of altruism, the act usually benefits the person in one way or another. Humanity is not, by nature, altruistic; humanity is, by nature, egocentric. This is evident in Yukio Mishima's "Patriotism" with the main characters, Reiko and Shinji. People are egotistical in the choices they often make: choosing friendship over patriotism, choosing to trust a spouse, and choosing one's personal freedom. The patriotism one feels for his or her own country is not as strong as the bonds of friendship. A country provides safety and a sense of belonging; however, in times of war this is all shattered. Shinji's colleagues are among the insurgents. The war has, no doubt, caused these men to resort to extreme measures. Living in a country that can no longer provide the safety and sense of belonging that these men seek, they turn to each other. Friends provide the safety and belonging even in times of war. People betray their country in their everyday actions, they deceive their employer, they lie to others, they cheat, and steal; but, one always thinks twice before betraying the trust of a friend. Shinji and Reiko remain loyal to what is important, their friends. Not only do Shinji and Reiko choose their friends over their country, they also find happiness in choosing each other rather than continuing in a world in which the two could not be together. This perfect union between the two illustrates something people search for everyday. Everyone is looking for his or her own Shinji or Reiko. This need to find a "soul mate" has spawned books, movies, songs, and plays. The "boy meets girl" scenario is a part of everyone's life. In "Patriotism", boy did meet girl, and this is a part of what makes this story universally appealing. People simply want someone with whom to share there lives.

Elements of Expatriate Compensation Essay

The sum of pragmatic substantiation on the interaction between reimbursement stratagem and national culture and echelon of trade and industry progression of an economy is virtually not anything (Harvey, 1993). Due to the advent of globalization and the constantly rising total of international business, the Society for Human Resource Management International has observed that several expatriates, nationals and third country nationals whose fate crossed on borderlines felt that the compensation they receive are piously beyond their professional expectations. As a matter of fact, the benefits and assistance by the management of the companies hitherto have been reckoned as the most ideal support dating back on economical datum. However, when outsourcing has commenced, the HR of multinational companies have also adjusted compensation schemas lowering it down to national basics compared to prior services. Contingency theories as well as resource dependence analogies have been established—the organizational level based on interdependence, complexity, age and size of foreign affiliate—while the environmental sagacity dwelled on country characteristics—market compensation, political risk and cultural distance (Boyacigiller, 1990). In a larger perspective, expatriate compensation is also considered as the benefits given to international students in universities offering overseas scholarship. Those who came the farthest are treated at the highest level while those who are in close proximity to the donor (or the company, per se) will have slighter treatment, which includes benefits and assistance. These elements, however, may be deemed as logically just and fair since there is a huge demarcation between the needs of the expatriates and the nationals (Harvey, 1993). Thus certain factors are also held credible in evaluation and assessment, dependent to the qualifications granted by the law and by the company, more specifically all credentials are taken into account.

Admission Essay Help

Admission Essay Help Admission Essay Help University admission or college admission is the process through which students enter the universities and colleges. Systems vary widely from country to country as well as from institution to institution.Admission essay writing includes one or more essays in addition to such objective information as grades and test scores. The typical question asks you to write about your personality, life experienced, and expectations on future. It allows the admission committee to get to know you better, to know your plans and goals, to read about an important event in your life, discover your philosophy. Writing the college admission essay is an opportunity for you to stand out among the applicants and to prove that you and only you are the most deserving candidate. Admission Essay Writing If you want to succeed with admission essay writing, you need to learn about college admission essay questionsfrom previous years:. Usually, such information can be found on the official websites of colleges and universities. It gives you an idea what the college admission essay questions look like. May be someone from your friends applied to your college and might still have copies of their essay. But do not copy it! As a rule, college essay questions are controversial. Your task is not only to accept a definite position but to explain in detail why you choose that one. Very often the students are asked to describe and evaluate one experience that significantly influenced their academic interests or life in general. This experience might be a high school course, a job, a relationship, or an extracurricular activity. Try to explain how this experience led to the goals you now have set for yourself and why you think the academic program you apply for will help you reach those goals. Admission Essay Help Following these guidelines and tips you will learn how to write admission essay. You should understand that a well written essay is very important because it determines whether or not you are admitted to the chosen college or university. This is your opportunity to show what sets you apart from the other applicants. Your responses to admission essay questions help officers understand your motivations, creativity, and personality. That's why it is important to start writing your essays as early as possible. Make your essays personal, but stay within the guidelines and carefully answer the questions. Follow the directions. If the application asks you to answer three questions using no more than 1,500 words, do not write 1,800. Ignoring directions may mean not getting into the college of your choice. Make sure you answer the questions or follow the essay prompts. Remember that committee members are seeking the applicant who worthy of their award. Custom Admission Essay Writing Help Want to have an impressive admission essay and do not know how to start writing? You are welcome to place an order at and we will write an outstanding college essay for you! We guarantee timely delivery and professionalism of our writers! We do not resell admission essays and your interests are put on the primary place! Interesting posts: Thesis Papers in Education Thesis Methodology Hamlet Thesis Dissertation Service Creative Writing Thesis

Chief Bromden Essays

Chief Bromden Essays Chief Bromden Paper Chief Bromden Paper Throughout Ken Keseys tremendous novel, One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest, the character of Chief Bromden develops from: a damaged, diminished man to a fully reformed human being. Randle McMurphy, a brawling gambling man enters the terrifying grey world of the institute, but he is there by choice after pleading insanity to escape prison. The arrival of McMurphy contributes to the progression of Bromdens maturity. At the beginning of the novel Chief Bromdens paranoid character is emphasised by the repetition of his fear of the combine and the thick clouds of fog which it emits to control the patients. Chief Bromdens fear of the machinery which makes up the combine is revealed in the description of nurse Ratched when she is first introduced to the novel, Shes got that bag full of a thousand parts she aims to use in her duties today wheels and gears . . . This shows the paranoia of chief Bromden as he believes the nurse is trying to implant machinery into the patients to make them a part of the combine. This word choice helps to emphasise that the Chief is afraid of being combined and his humanity taken away. Chief Bromden believes that when the combine begins to lose its grip on the patients it emits a thick fog to subdue the patients. They start the fog machine again its snowing down cold and white all over me like skimmed milk This effective use of a simile emphasises how Chief Bromden feels that the combine has a grasp on him and he cannot escape from it. Chief Bromdens social retardation is again displayed by him being referred to as an acute, emphasisng the severe state of the patients. When McMurphy first enters; The aides have him sweeping a l-large part of the time. Theres not m-much else he can do, I guess. Hes deaf. This illustrates his disability and his stuttering, shown by alliteration, reinforces the idea that he is mentally ruined. Bromdens speech barrier is shown yet again when he says Hes de-de-deef and dumb, this alliteration is symbolic in that Bromden is trying to come out of his shell, therefore his stutter relates to how he, as a person, does not flow either. It also highlights Chief Bromdens social disability as he spends his day sweeping by himself and also the patients believe him to be deaf and dumb emphasising how he must have had no social interactions with the other patients who are in the combine. As the novel develops Chief Bromdens character begins to transform, this development is helped by the introduction of McMurphy, who, from very early on has an inclination that the Chief is not actually deaf and dumb. Why, you sure did give a jump when I told you that the coon was coming, Chief. I thought someone told me you was deef. This shows how very early on in the novel McMurphy begins to realise that Chief Bromden is not actually deaf and dumb. This is the turning point in the novel for Chief Bromdens character, after this meeting with McMurphy his character begins to change. First time in a long time Im in bed without taking that little red capsule, emphasisng Chief Bromdens change of character. As the novel progresses so does Chief Bromden. I was kind of amazed that Id remembered that. It was the first time in what seemed to me centuries that Id been able to remember, much about my childhood. These memories which Chief Bromden recounts are the memories when he first feels neglected, thus he has found the reason for his sickness and now knows he can be cured.

Essay on Reptiles Essays - Sphenodontia, Living Fossils, Reptile

Essay on Reptiles Essays - Sphenodontia, Living Fossils, Reptile Essay on Reptiles Reptiles are vertebrate, or backboned animals constituting the class Reptilia and are characterized by a combination of features, none of which alone could separate all reptiles from all other animals. The characteristics of reptiles are numerous, therefore can not be explained in great detail in this report. In no special order, the characteristics of reptiles are: cold-bloodedness; the presence of lungs; direct development, without larval forms as in amphibians; a dry skin with scales but not feathers or hair; an amniote egg; internal fertilization; a three or four-chambered heart; two aortic arches (blood vessels) carrying blood from the heart to the body, unlike mammals and birds that only have one; a metanephric kidney; twelve pairs of cranial nerves; and skeletal features such as limbs with usually five clawed fingers or toes, at least two spinal bones associated with the pelvis, a single ball-and-socket connection at the head-neck joint instead of two, as in advanced amphibians and mammals, and an incomplete or complete partition along the roof of the mouth, separating the food and air passageways so that breathing can continue while food is being chewed. These and other traditional defining characteristics of reptiles have been subjected to considerable modification in recent times. The extinct flying reptiles, called pterosaurs or pterodactyls, are now thought to have been warm-blooded and covered with hair. Also, the dinosaurs are also now considered by many authorities to have been warm-blooded. The earliest known bird, archaeopteryx, is now regarded by many to have been a small dinosaur, despite its covering of feathers The extinct ancestors of the mammals, the therapsids, or mammallike reptiles, are also believed to have been warm-blooded and haired. Proposals have been made to reclassify the pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and certain other groups out of the class Reptilia into one or more classes of their own. The class Reptilia is divided into 6 to 12 subclasses by different authorities. This includes living and extinct species. In addition, a number of these subclasses are completely extinct. The subclasses contain about 24 orders, but only 4 of these are still represented by living animals. Of the living orders of reptiles, two arose earlier than the age of reptiles, when dinosaurs were dominant. Tuataras, of the order Rhynchocephalia, are found only on New Zealand islands, whereas the equally ancient turtles, order Chelonia, occur nearly worldwide. The order Crocodilia emerged along with the dinosaurs. Snakes and lizards, order Squamata, are today the most numerous reptile species. The Rhynchocephalia constitute the oldest order of living reptiles; the only surviving representative of the group is the tuatara, or sphenodon (Sphenodon punctatus). Structurally, the tuatara is not much different from related forms, also assigned to the order Rhynchocephalia, that may have appeared as early as the Lower Triassic Period (over 2 000 000 000 years ago). The tuatara has two pairs of well-developed limbs, a strong tail, and a scaly crest down the neck and back. The scales, which cover the entire animal, vary in size. The tuatara also has a bony arch, low on the skull behind the eye, that is not found in lizards. Finally, the teeth of the tuatara are acrodont - i.e., attached to the rim of the jaw rather than inserted in sockets. Chelonia, another ancient order of reptiles, is chiefly characterised by a shell that encloses the vital organs of the body and more or less protects the head and limbs. The protective shell, to which the evolutionary success of turtles is largely attributed, is a casing of bone covered by horny shields. Plates of bone are fused with ribs, vertebrae, and elements of shoulder and hip girdles. There are many shell variations and modifications from family to family, some of them extreme. At its highest development, the shell is not only surprisingly strong but also completely protective. The lower shell (plastron) can be closed so snuggly against the upper (carapace) that a thin knife blade could not be inserted between them. A third order of the class Reptilia is Crocodilia. Crocodiles are generally large, ponderous, amphibious animals, somewhat lizardlike in appearance, and carnivorous. They have powerful jaws with conical teeth and short legs and clawed, webbed toes. The tail is long and massive and the skin thick and plated. Their snout is relatively long and varies considerably in proportions and shape. The thick, large horny plates that cover most of the body are generally arranged in a regular pattern. The form of the is adapted to its amphibious way of life. Finally, the elongated body with its long, muscular paddletail is well suited to rapid swimming. The final

Social Security's Uncertain Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Security's Uncertain Future - Essay Example As is usually the case, the argument revolves around each person's own self-interest. The public has been fed information that has swayed the debate as each camp tries to gain public support. It is fair to say that the truth probably lies somewhere in the middle and that is also where we will find a solution. Reaching an agreement is difficult because of the misinformation that continually comes out of our nation's capitol. Baby Boomers are just now beginning to enjoy the benefits of the program. They have been told that the system is broke and they rightfully fear that they may not reap the rewards from the money they have spent a lifetime contributing. Shipman claims the system is a,"[...] coercive, intergenerational transfer tax system that relies on unrealistic assumptions and pays unreasonably low benefits". From their point of view, an overhaul offers them some hope that the system will be functional when they retire. But is their fear well founded There are well-intentioned people that say the panic is all for nothing. There are political factions that insist the system is not broke and with a little tweaking it will operate as intended for decades. They contend that the people who have the most to gain from privatization are large banks, brokers, and insurance companies. It is these powerful lobbies that promote fear about the system going bankrupt.

Software Process Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Software Process Models - Essay Example The products are usually distributed through physical outlets in the market as well as through the Internet. Additionally, electronic outlets, product-line retailers, software partners and big technology retailers also serve consumers with the company’s goods. The company also boasts effective consultancy services relative to its products. The spiral methodology blends the design of prototyping with the structured, refined qualities of the waterfall methodology (Kan, 2003). The development of the spiral model is premised upon a refinement of the application on a bit-by-bit basis as the spiral grows. The methodology also clearly encompasses risk management measures within software engineering. The approach recognizes major risks at various stages of implementation such as the practical and supervisory aspects, and explores ways in which the risks can be reduced. These measures keep the software engineering work better and more controlled. The spiral methodology is premised on continuous polishing of the main products in order to ensure that the product meets the market standards including the system and design of the application as well as the code developed for use (GeambaÅŸu, Jianu, Jianu, & GavrilÄÆ', 2011). Notably, at each stage around the spiral, the software is an improvement of a prior product. The spiral mo del shares most development phases with the waterfall model, with the main differences involving planning, evaluation of risks, and the development of models and simulations. Software developed through this methodology solves the problem of haphazard production of documents, which otherwise would not reflect the important details at a given stage in the engineering process. Like the application they describe, the documents are representative of the all the key stages of development (Kan, 2003). The concept is to guarantee a

Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Research Report - Essay Example g in mind that less that 65 percent of Australian tourist are locals hence the market needs to be invested in and promotions carried to promote international customers. A market share is a contributing factor towards any business achieving certain revenue. The report was design to determine the reason as to why Village Road show Theme Parks have been registering a decline in revenue from international customers. There exist models in which the theme parks should design and adapt tin order to keep their revenue flow at bay. The reports will analyse on the nature at which these models would prove effective. The base of the changing trend will be the year 2003. The negative effects of reduced international customers would be used as a means of innovating marketing strategies to increase the local customers and use the increased number to compensate the amount of revenue lost as a result of reduced number of international clients. There exist emerging trends in the Theme Parks in that the demand for services offered has led to competitors appreciating the market and investing. Village Road show Theme Parks are designed to offer a range of diversified services. The theme benefits from the economies of scale due to its diverse nature. The theme parks operate on the basis that both the local and international tourist would enjoy services provide in the parks. Revenue collected range differently in every theme park under the Village Road show Theme Parks brand name. The park boast of various parks and according to Australasian (2014), the launch of wet and wild Sydney Park, saw the theme park register a 6 million profit within week one of its inauguration. The revenue increased as compared to 2009. The year indicated higher number of local tourist as compared to international tourist, The management decision to venture into the Asian market was a positive move. According to March (2003), Australia was the preferred destination for many of the Asian tourist. Over the

Bilingualism and How Communication Develops Dissertation

Bilingualism and How Communication Develops - Dissertation Example The ability to learn a language involves many areas of the brain. The association areas located in the parietal lobe with connections to the temporal and occipital areas are involved in language experiences by functionally facilitating a variety of language-related behaviours such as vision, body awareness, touch, spatial orientation, verbal comprehension, localisation of objects in space, abstract and complex cognitive functions of mathematical reasoning and formulation of logical thoughts stemming from visual experiences (Lezak, 1997). This area of the brain was termed this association area in the parietal lobe as the â€Å"association area of association areas† while others named this association area the â€Å"  cortex† (Lezak, 1997). The right hemisphere is also involved when organizing a narrative, an expression and during recognition of emotion in the tone of voice as well as regulation of rhythm and intonation of speech.  The specialization of the left hemis phere in language processing, neuronal systems used for grammatical, semantic and lexical processing have been found to be affected by early language experiences (Carlson, 2001). Studies also indicate that right hemisphere involvement is present since much of the language processing requires spatial location, motion; and specialization and differentiation of these neuronal circuits are related to the proficiency of the language. It is known that verbal behavior is lateralized and the functions of the left hemisphere are more specialized for the analysis of sequential stimuli such as speech. Speech consists of sounds arranged into sequences of words. Cortical language areas primarily associated with localization of language-related functions are on the left hemisphere around the Sylvian fissure, inferior frontal lobe which harbors Broca’s area, and Wernicke’s area, located in the posterior temporal lobe (Carlson, 2001).

Gordons Health Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gordons Health Assessment - Essay Example These functions relate to one another and can be used as evidence in making decisions on the outcomes of patient care. There are other factors that will affect the reliability of data that can be gathered in making health assessments that will be presented during the interview and physical assessment of the patient. Other factors such as physiological, psychological and even cultural factors can influence on how much or how little of the data can be gathered from the patient (Functional Health patterns, n.d.). Every patient will have different reactions when being interviewed about their health. Some patients may exhibit feelings of anger towards their health care provider stemming from previous encounters with other health care practitioners that left them with a bad impression. There is also the cultural aspect of the patient where they may find certain questions and medical practices opposed to their culture, tradition and beliefs. Others would be depressed about being or felling ill and refuse to cooperate. There is also the physical condition of illnesses where patients may be in too much pain or cannot give coherent answers because of adverse reactions to medication. The everyday stresses in the workplace can also affect the nurse that will be making the assessment. Personal conflicts and beliefs on culture and ethnicities can influence the way the assessment is being handled (Morrison & Ashley-Coe, 2001). Preparing for the interview is also a key element in making health assessments. Patient interviews need to be carefully planned. Interviewers need to get their patients' trust so that they can gather information as accurately as they can. As with any interview, it is important to maintain eye contact and avoid possible distractions. Learning from the patients' charts can give interviewers ideas on how to formulate questions for the assessment (Jarvis, 2004). It is the understanding of all these factors that can make a good health assessment, coupled with the theory of functional health patterns by Gordon. These functional health patterns divided into eleven subcategories can help in the evaluation of a patient's physical, emotional and psychological health. Case Study Maria is a female patient aged 60 years old with a history of diabetes and hypertension. For the past few months, the patient complained of having stomach cramps or indigestion and difficulty in sleeping. She also reported self medicating these cramps with over the counter medication but the symptoms was never alleviated. But she was not cooperative enough to submit herself to other lab testing in order to find out the cause of her stomach discomfort. She has been very diligent in taking her diabetic and hypertensive medication, but her blood sugar and blood pressure has been erratic. She attributes this to the discomfort that she has been feeling recently. The patient also reported having difficulty with her bowel movement where there were days where she could not void, the longest period being five days. There were two areas that had an impact on the patients' functional health or ability. These were Elimination and Sleep-rest. These two factors caused considerable discomfort to the patient and may be symptoms of underlying illnesses. For this, a comprehensive geriatric health assessment can be used in order to find

Creating Your Dream Job Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Creating Your Dream Job - Assignment Example With individuals with special education needs, such multidisciplinary/ multi-agency working becomes advantageous because the collaboration among professionals directly focus on the needs of the individual. To avoid conflicts between the professionals in a multidisciplinary setting, it is essential to have a key person to coordinate each one and ensure that target goals for the individual with special needs be met. In the United Kingdom, this person has the title of the Special Education Needs Coordinator (SENCO) (SENCO, 1997). In other countries, this title is also known as a case manager or simply a social worker assigned to the case. Hughes & Rycus (1998) explain that when an individual with a learning disability avails of multi-agency services, a social worker helps him source the services he needs for his disability in the medical and educational systems. Communication and cooperation among various professionals and agencies ensue in addressing the individual’s needs. Join t work by representatives of different agencies has been proven to accelerate the progress of interventions of young people with learning disabilities and ultimately contribute much to their well-being. Educators, therapists, psychologists, speech pathologists, physicians, social workers and even government officials join hands in the care and education of these young people to ensure their optimum growth and development. The ideal SENCO worker needs to have a college degree in Special Education, Social Work or Psychology so that he or she is knowledgeable with the needs of the clients who have special education needs. The SENCO should also be adept in networking and collaboration skills, since he or she will engage in interpersonal interactions with people from various disciplines. Good communication skills is a must. The SENCO has the following job description: Contacts prospective professionals to be part of the Multidisciplinary Team Screens and hires therapists Meet with team m embers individually and as a team, if necessary Communicates and coordinates with each member about the programs they are doing with the client Organizes schedules of both the client and the various professionals working with him Collects and collates reports from each team member Evaluates performance of each team member Organizes team management conferences Furnish general report about client’s progress 2. Design a compensation and benefits package related to your dream job. Every worker dreams of having a salary that is fair and compensable for all his efforts. It is logical and acceptable to receive a salary that is commensurate to the tasks involved in one’s job. As a SENCO, salary considerations should include the skills necessary for the individual to carry out the aforementioned tasks and that would be both professional and personal skills. The salary is not the only compensation sought by workers. A good compensation and benefits package specifically for a SEN CO could include the following: Reasonable remuneration Social security Medical Insurance Travel allowance Sponsorship to Training Seminar-Workshop/ Conferences Sick and Vacation Leaves Option for flexi-time Option for tele-commuting especially with coordination and clerical tasks Provision of gadgets and other equipment for easy communication and coordination (ex. Laptop, tablet computer, mobile phone, internet connection)

Bilingualism and How Communication Develops Dissertation

Bilingualism and How Communication Develops - Dissertation Example The ability to learn a language involves many areas of the brain. The association areas located in the parietal lobe with connections to the temporal and occipital areas are involved in language experiences by functionally facilitating a variety of language-related behaviours such as vision, body awareness, touch, spatial orientation, verbal comprehension, localisation of objects in space, abstract and complex cognitive functions of mathematical reasoning and formulation of logical thoughts stemming from visual experiences (Lezak, 1997). This area of the brain was termed this association area in the parietal lobe as the â€Å"association area of association areas† while others named this association area the â€Å"  cortex† (Lezak, 1997). The right hemisphere is also involved when organizing a narrative, an expression and during recognition of emotion in the tone of voice as well as regulation of rhythm and intonation of speech.  The specialization of the left hemis phere in language processing, neuronal systems used for grammatical, semantic and lexical processing have been found to be affected by early language experiences (Carlson, 2001). Studies also indicate that right hemisphere involvement is present since much of the language processing requires spatial location, motion; and specialization and differentiation of these neuronal circuits are related to the proficiency of the language. It is known that verbal behavior is lateralized and the functions of the left hemisphere are more specialized for the analysis of sequential stimuli such as speech. Speech consists of sounds arranged into sequences of words. Cortical language areas primarily associated with localization of language-related functions are on the left hemisphere around the Sylvian fissure, inferior frontal lobe which harbors Broca’s area, and Wernicke’s area, located in the posterior temporal lobe (Carlson, 2001).

Creating Your Dream Job Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Creating Your Dream Job - Assignment Example With individuals with special education needs, such multidisciplinary/ multi-agency working becomes advantageous because the collaboration among professionals directly focus on the needs of the individual. To avoid conflicts between the professionals in a multidisciplinary setting, it is essential to have a key person to coordinate each one and ensure that target goals for the individual with special needs be met. In the United Kingdom, this person has the title of the Special Education Needs Coordinator (SENCO) (SENCO, 1997). In other countries, this title is also known as a case manager or simply a social worker assigned to the case. Hughes & Rycus (1998) explain that when an individual with a learning disability avails of multi-agency services, a social worker helps him source the services he needs for his disability in the medical and educational systems. Communication and cooperation among various professionals and agencies ensue in addressing the individual’s needs. Join t work by representatives of different agencies has been proven to accelerate the progress of interventions of young people with learning disabilities and ultimately contribute much to their well-being. Educators, therapists, psychologists, speech pathologists, physicians, social workers and even government officials join hands in the care and education of these young people to ensure their optimum growth and development. The ideal SENCO worker needs to have a college degree in Special Education, Social Work or Psychology so that he or she is knowledgeable with the needs of the clients who have special education needs. The SENCO should also be adept in networking and collaboration skills, since he or she will engage in interpersonal interactions with people from various disciplines. Good communication skills is a must. The SENCO has the following job description: Contacts prospective professionals to be part of the Multidisciplinary Team Screens and hires therapists Meet with team m embers individually and as a team, if necessary Communicates and coordinates with each member about the programs they are doing with the client Organizes schedules of both the client and the various professionals working with him Collects and collates reports from each team member Evaluates performance of each team member Organizes team management conferences Furnish general report about client’s progress 2. Design a compensation and benefits package related to your dream job. Every worker dreams of having a salary that is fair and compensable for all his efforts. It is logical and acceptable to receive a salary that is commensurate to the tasks involved in one’s job. As a SENCO, salary considerations should include the skills necessary for the individual to carry out the aforementioned tasks and that would be both professional and personal skills. The salary is not the only compensation sought by workers. A good compensation and benefits package specifically for a SEN CO could include the following: Reasonable remuneration Social security Medical Insurance Travel allowance Sponsorship to Training Seminar-Workshop/ Conferences Sick and Vacation Leaves Option for flexi-time Option for tele-commuting especially with coordination and clerical tasks Provision of gadgets and other equipment for easy communication and coordination (ex. Laptop, tablet computer, mobile phone, internet connection)

Fast Food Essay Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Essay Essay America’s obesity is caused by numerous factors, that which are viewed differently by people. For example, many different people believe the problem of obesity is caused by over eating, increased portion sizes, lack of nutrition, and how fast food companies are going after children. These problems are all considered to be immense problems of obesity. Though, different people may believe only one of the followings is a major cause. Thus, it is of importance to discuss the reasons why. First of all, portion sizes from fast food restaurants have dramatically increased over the course of a few decades. In the article, â€Å"By Any Other Name, It’s Still a Supersize,† the author, Lisa R. Young, states that, â€Å"In the last few years, Hardee’s, Burger King and Wendy’s all have introduced 1,000-calorie-plus sandwiches stuffed with 12 ounces of beef – the amount of meat recommended for two days for most adults.† This shows that one meal can be more than half the average calories needed for individuals in a single day. Instead, people should avoid large quantities of food and should eat healthier. Consequently, big portion sizes are one of the factors of obesity. Second, fast food companies are deliberately targeting children as they are easy targets to go after. Kelly Brownell, the author of â€Å"Are Children Prey for Fast Food Companies?† says how Happy Meals from McDonalds are served with toys. These toys are advertised and are served with low nutritious food. â€Å"Only 12 of 3,039 possible kids’ meal combinations meet nutrition criteria for preschoolers.† However, if fast food companies would serve healthier foods to children, like fruits and milk, the statistics would increase. Also, these foods are high in sugar, and fat. Ultimately, companies targeting children with unhealthy food and toys can lead to a higher rate of children being obese or diabetic. Strangely enough, fast food mimicking fast casual places may actually be better and healthier due to its fresher ingredients. Julie Jargon writes the article, â€Å"Fast Food Aspires to ‘Fast Casual’†; and she states that fast food restaurants are up scaling their food. â€Å"In the hope of appealing to more-sophisticated consumers, fast-food chains are moving beyond simple cheeseburgers and tacos, adding fancier ingredients such as portabella mushrooms, citrus-herb marinated chicken, and pepper bacon.† This upgrade may be attracting more customers to the fast food industry, but they will be attracted to healthier foods. Therefore, it may not be as much as a leading cause as of obesity as other things. In conclusion, fast food companies have changed America for the worse over the course of a few years. Fast food places mostly have high fat and low nutritious portion sizes that shouldn’t be eaten daily. Families shouldn’t eat fast foods as much as they think they should, and instead should result in eating healthier, fresher products. Alternatives to fast food places may dramatically decrease obesity in America. America’s obesity epidemic may be led by the fast food industries.

Importance Of Geography To International Relations Politics Essay

Importance Of Geography To International Relations Politics Essay At first, it is necessary to identify the important issues that are going to be developed, I rather to start with the international relations which is the study of human interactions through national borders and the factors that affect those interactions. This definition briefly gives a globalized approach that makes people understand that nations are not the unique actor involve in the developed of the international relations but now there are many other institutions that actually affect those relationships and in some cases can change its complete direction. Those new actors can be intergovernmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, international nongovernmental organizations and multinational corporations. On the other hand, there is the geography that would be explained based on this quote: Geography is the study of the patterns and processes of human (built) and environmental (natural) landscapes, where landscapes comprise real (objective) and perceived (subjective) space.  [1]  , in a simple way the previous definition immediately reminds us to the key problem to treat. The most important relation between the geography and the international relations appeared when countries realize the differences they had with their neighboring countries, in culture, thinking and the last but the relevant one, the resources. In the final years of the XIX century began the study of the geopolitics  [2]  that appears as consequences of three important situations that occurred in the international level. The first one is the consolidation of nation-state that is a territory with a population whose has sovereignty and the power to manage that territory, when this word was defined, the head of the states was concern about having the bigger territory as it was possible, also appears terms related with the national interest. The second event that marked the study of geopolitics is the II industrial revolution where the main resource demanded was the economic capital and in a secondary instance, the natural resources; with the revolution, states become aware of the nee d of the resources that they did not have so they had to get it from other nation-states. The third thing is related to the liberalism and the socialism that in few words, are expansionist ideologies. The socialism that says that the best government is the one that guarantees the equality between the members of the society people under this believe thinks that the socialism is possible just if it is in a global scale, and the liberalism is the ideology of the believe that the democracy is the best polity and every single country must have it, these theory arises and develop the idea of the universal rights. The factors already named, are the causes of the emergence of the interrelation between the geography and the international relations because the strategic countries started to look in the non strategic countries a sources to get everything they needed to increase their economies and guarantee a successful development of their society, so they began invading other territories already delimited (randomly) and tried to impose their authority everywhere they arrive, this caused a drastically changed in the international relation because every single country realized that they were not alone and that now had to fight to keep the current state they had, also states were seeing each other as a treat, because of this there were continues fights. A significant example of this, is what happened in Europe in the final years of the XIX centuries, the time know as the age of imperialism. Having occurred a list of situations that changed the image that Europe had of themselves. European countries saw Africans as defenseless people that needed to be defended. They sent people to study the behavior of the people living in the black continent, after a period the powerful European countries were completely inside of Africa and had a control over it. The imperial that used strategies to get the richest (resources) places in Africa was Great Britain who developed important naval and military power to fight not just with Africans but also to defeat the other European countries such as Portugal, France and Germany that were also trying to expand their territory and sovereignty in the dominated country. Finally Great Britain got the power from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic and from Cabo to Cairo. This has many consequences for the world order and organization, in this moment began the overseas trade of slaves and caused the emergence of African countries as nations whose h as their power based on guns. There some important authors that consider that without the age of imperialism do not hear were possible things like the spread of European languages in the hold world, also were an absence of institutions that makes the international relations what it is today. The previous paragraph shows how the application of the geography in the decisions to make in the international level (that affect another nations and their relation) can produce a lot of consequences, those would be positive or negative but the history shows that most of them has been positives and those that were negative, evolved while the time was running and now we live in a organized world that obviously is not perfect but at least spite of that are many potential fights, this can be and are controlled with the tools that international institutions has to keep the world order and the peaceful relations between nations. Another example that can be explained to prove the affirmation at the beginning is what is happening in the Antarctic, the polar caps are being thawed. But what happens with this situation? At first, it is known that many countries have their economy based in the freight transport or activities related to, some countries are Malaysia, Netherlands Panama and Singapore. The way how they are affected is because this important geographic change, caused because of an environmental issue, makes that the ports that are placed in those countries are not going to be as crowed as they used to be. All this because of the National geography showed a documental about how a group of Fishers in a big fishing boat decided to explore the Antarctic and see how difficult would be to cross from the Atlantic to the pacific to arrive to China, avoidant passed by the Indian Ocean. Second consequences is that now exist (for some countries) the possibility to distributed the last part of the world (the only one that has not being distributed) experts in geography and geopolitics affirms that it could (and most likely) leads to a struggle for having control over that zone. The third issue related to this change is about Netherlands, some projections demonstrate that if the polar caps continue thawing, this country ,that is place under the sea level and that has survive with the develop of very specific engineering, would be partially awash. Again it was prove, the international relations is considerably affected by the geography, this example is just a supposition of what would happen, but there consequences (positive or negative) may be much deeper of what it has been explained. Not to go too far, there is perfect example happening inside of Colombia and involve United States on one hand and on another hand is Venezuela and Ecuador. This is related to the military bases that United States has and use in Colombia. The interest of the US on having a close relation with Colombia is not exactly to help the country, but is for the geographical position. It is known that allied countries on Venezuela ´s side are facing the consequences of having a revolutionary government and in the case of Venezuela; they are having many structural changes to become a socialist country. Because of this, Venezuela and Ecuador are seen as potential threats. So, what US want is to somehow have a control over the region or at least being constantly reported about what is happening in those neighboring countries. The example shows how a geographical position of one country could become this attractive, for another country that is a world power, and leads to create and maintain a rel ation just to explore around him. Nowadays it still being important the geography in the international relations but, for many people, has took a secondary position in order of relevance, this is because of the globalization, with developing of technology, the media communication and the many cheap and fast means of transport, the hold world is constantly connected and easily what happens in one place has consequences in another extreme of the world. So, is not necessary to being neighboring countries to attack or to have influence over a region or country. Can be said that the affirmation made in the last paragraph is truth but has a critic and is that spite that the economies are highly developed, somewhere almost everything can be produce or invented and the transportation is not a problem anymore; there are some resources that are vital for a society to exist but that are scarce resources and the real fight will come when countries begin to use the force or the military force to obtain those scarce resources. Those are water and oil, but the last one is the one about the countries are already concern, everywhere there is people trying to find a complete substitute of this and there are many advances on it but oil continue having its key importance. Everybody would think that maybe the coming war is going to be in Europe again or maybe Asia but it is not, this war will be in the Middle East exactly where are placed Iraq, Iran and Syria. All this is because between those countries they have the 55% of the world ´Ã‚  [3]  s oil res erves. Finally, can be said that the geography is not a physical study but also gets involves in the human activities and interactions, also is related to the international relations being more specific, is related to the foreign policy of a country, this is because when an issue about distribution (resources, land, space, sea) emergence every single country need to establish their position and an idea of how are they going to act when facing the issue. When the geopolitics appeared, there were some events that mark the way it was going to be studied and how would be that study based on. Those events are the definition of nations-states (territory, population and sovereignty), the II industrial revolution that made countries to see the need of interdependence they should create and have, to develop the production and the new definition in that time, the economies of scale. The third factor that influence the study of the geopolitics is the liberalism and the socialism that are theories about the best polities to be applied on a state. Another important argument that supports the affirmation was the historical approach, because there plenty of evidence that shows that we are not alone and is needed to interact with other countries and organizations in order to get an improvement or to decrease a threat. Well, States are interconnected, and is important to keep a peaceful relation to maintain a world order and stability in the international level. When a problem is being studied, it is vital to go to a Geographic map to understand which could be the geographical factors that influence in the develop of the problem or also doing this, can be conclude that the problem is a totally about a geographical factor. Also many people involve in the geopolitics believes that the international relation just talks about who can do what to whom  [4]   and this would not to be answer without taking into account many other science but from all of it, the most determinant is the geography.

The Catcher in the Rye :: essays research papers

The Catcher in the Rye   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Jerome David Salinger’s book The Catcher in the Rye the difficulties In Holden’s life sends you through a thrilling adventure through all Holden have been through. The short story Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut also shows the drama of a little girl named Ramona. Ramona has an alcohol addictive mother who thinks Ramona is in serious trouble. Ramona’s mother creates an imagery friend from Ramona to help her out with things and to keep her company while she is playing. In The Catcher in the Rye Holden does not have an imagery friend but he does have friends to talk to when he needs someone to talk to. Through all life’s unexpected happenings Holden and Ramona rose to the occasion or fell to the pressures. The book The Catcher in the Rye is centered on Holden Caulfield, a seventeen-year-old narrator and central character of the novel. He addresses the reader directly from a mental hospital or sanitarium in southern California. Holden begins at Pencey Prep, a private school in Pennsylvania, on the Saturday afternoon of the traditional football game with school rival, Saxon Hall. Holden finds himself in many unusual situations. He keeps running away from home and not even thinking of turning back. He went to New York one time to experience life there. Holden’s conflicts are like what Salinger had growing up. Holden lost a very important person to him, his brother. Salinger also lost many close family members too. In the end Holden is at the sanitarium in California. He doesn’t want to tell us any more. The whole story has only made him miss people, such as his brother. The short story â€Å"Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut† was another short story written by Salinger. In Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut, Eloise an alcoholic mother believes that her little girl Ramona is in serious trouble. She has a make believe friend named Jimmy who provides her with the entertainment that lacks in her neighborhood. Eloise once loved Walt Glass, who died over seas in an explosion. Seeking a love for replacement, she found Lew whose role in this story is that he once referred to Eloise's hurt ankle as uncle wiggily. In a drunken rage, Eloise forces her daughter to sleep in the middle of her bed. This is also related to The Catcher in the Rye and Salinger’s life in the fact that everyone has lost a loved one in their life.

Essay examples --

Personality is seen to be the characteristic thought, emotional and behavioural patterns of an individual combined with the psychological mechanisms which cause these patterns. Personality can be looked at under two sub-headings. These are nomothetic and idiographic. Nomothetic approaches deal with general rules and everyone is described on the same set of traits whereas idiographic approaches deal with unique aspects of personality and suggest that people form different personalities based on their experiences. There are four approaches to the study of human personality: trait, psychodynamic, humanistic-existential and social cognitive. The trait theory is a nomothetic approach while the other three theories are ideographic approaches. Each different theory has its own way of measuring personality. As with other areas of psychology, it’s difficult to be certain about which approach measures personality the most accurately because the mind cannot be examined easily. Personality is subjective. To one person someone may seem simply introverted but to another they may seem psychotic. Different characteristics also overlap to create one overall person and inner desires are hidden in the subconscious. This is what makes studying personality so difficult. Although there are four approaches this essay will briefly look at only two of these approaches to show why so many different theories are required through the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. One of the approaches looked at will be the nomothetic trait theory approach and the other will be the ideographical psychodynamic approach. Trait approach Allport and Odbert (1936) found that there were 17,953 different words in the English dictionary that could be ... ...e way humans interact with other people or with the world, it more focuses on what people don’t do rather than what they actually do. Conclusion Both the trait theory approach and the psychodynamic approach take completely different stances on what personality is. Although they are not mentioned, the other approaches do this as well. The trait theory attempts to categorise people’s personality and work out correlations between each of the different traits whereas the psychodynamic approach attempts to focus more on the unconscious part of the mind and what the individual secretly desires rather than what they actually do. It is because of these differences that there needs to be more than one approach. Personality is too complex to only have one way of looking at it, there needs to be different theories to highlight different parts of the mind and how it works. Essay examples -- Personality is seen to be the characteristic thought, emotional and behavioural patterns of an individual combined with the psychological mechanisms which cause these patterns. Personality can be looked at under two sub-headings. These are nomothetic and idiographic. Nomothetic approaches deal with general rules and everyone is described on the same set of traits whereas idiographic approaches deal with unique aspects of personality and suggest that people form different personalities based on their experiences. There are four approaches to the study of human personality: trait, psychodynamic, humanistic-existential and social cognitive. The trait theory is a nomothetic approach while the other three theories are ideographic approaches. Each different theory has its own way of measuring personality. As with other areas of psychology, it’s difficult to be certain about which approach measures personality the most accurately because the mind cannot be examined easily. Personality is subjective. To one person someone may seem simply introverted but to another they may seem psychotic. Different characteristics also overlap to create one overall person and inner desires are hidden in the subconscious. This is what makes studying personality so difficult. Although there are four approaches this essay will briefly look at only two of these approaches to show why so many different theories are required through the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. One of the approaches looked at will be the nomothetic trait theory approach and the other will be the ideographical psychodynamic approach. Trait approach Allport and Odbert (1936) found that there were 17,953 different words in the English dictionary that could be ... ...e way humans interact with other people or with the world, it more focuses on what people don’t do rather than what they actually do. Conclusion Both the trait theory approach and the psychodynamic approach take completely different stances on what personality is. Although they are not mentioned, the other approaches do this as well. The trait theory attempts to categorise people’s personality and work out correlations between each of the different traits whereas the psychodynamic approach attempts to focus more on the unconscious part of the mind and what the individual secretly desires rather than what they actually do. It is because of these differences that there needs to be more than one approach. Personality is too complex to only have one way of looking at it, there needs to be different theories to highlight different parts of the mind and how it works.

Does fair play have an important role in competitive sport Essay

From the time of gods and goddesses, they have been competing in friendly sports and throughout time, it evolved into sports and even Olympics. From the time that sports were invented, the concept of fair play or sportsmanship was not yet apparent. But when sports were finally considered of great importance, the concept of fair play became universally understood. Basically, fair play is sportsmanship. For some, both players and audiences alike, consider it as the â€Å"golden rule† in sports. In fair play, you treat your team mates and opponents as someone you would like to be treated as. You show respect for yourself, your team mates, and your rivals. You should also demonstrate respect for both coaches of the opposing teams and other important figures in the field like the umpires, judges and other officials. (Sanders, 2005) But in modern times, it does not only apply to the players; consequently, it now also applied to the people watching the game. It now developed into an attitude that may influence the players, audiences and the game. (Sanders, 2005) In every sport, there is always a loser and a winner. But, the greatness of the game relies on how the players played the sport. And consequently, their sportsmanship should also be apparent in their game. It is undeniable that winning feels great but being a sport has a great role in a winner’s game. It can make or break a game. Today, when sports become an alley for talented players to become superstars, the spirit of sports become plagued. In retrospect, we have to keep in mind that being a sport has its advantages—and winning the game is one of it. While playing, playing fair not only helps to win a game but it also builds character. With the help of the coach, the athletes can reach their highest potential and so, they become better players and human beings. (Fakehany) Since sportsmanship is an attitude, it also teaches valuable lessons and builds character to a person. It has become a way of life both in and out of the field. And these very same attitudes help a person to be ready not just in the court but also outside (i. e. corporate life). How we play a game makes us introspective in a sense that it assists us to re-evaluate ourselves and reflect on our behaviors. www. yogiberramuseum. org, 2005) Sportsmanship is also vital so as not have massive brawls and misunderstanding in a competition. Fair play creates a friendly atmosphere wherein athletes can really enjoy the game from the beginning until the end. Unconsciously, it creates the mood of the entire game and it lessens the tendency of the players to have arguments. It makes both the opposing teams feel as if that they are not competing at all but more of a friendly competition. Peak) Research analysts have also done studies wherein it supports that indeed, fair play is a factor to win or how the team approaches the game. Apologists of sports say reiterate that fair play is a great way to avoid addiction and violence. For them, it is a mere socialization of the players with one another. And thus, it implies that because of fair play, players have more blissful and energetic strategy as compared with players who does not have a sense of sportsmanship. (GA. , 2005) Earlier, we have said that winning is a big part of a game. But definitely, there are always two sides in a story. Generally, competitors view winning as unimportant but the more aggressive view is that, it is the only thing. And, the main reason why we compete in a sport is to ultimately win the game. We usually strive to win. This very same reason makes us ponder why fair play plays an important role in a competitive sport. Firstly, when we want to compete, we assume that our competitor will also give his/her one hundred percent and they will also strive to win. And to eventually win the game, both of you will give your best. When we give your best, alongside with it comes all your athletic ability and might hoping that in the end, you will be successful. This is the mere essence of competition and sports—to win—but more importantly, to play the game fair. (Feigley, 2007) This philosophy is vice versa—for the player to win, he must give his best so that his best will let him win. Additionally, when both players give their best efforts, there will always be another chance where the two of you will meet again. This will be an advantage on both parts because through this, you now both know the strengths and weaknesses of each other. And because of this, both of the players can now plan their strategies so that they can beat the opponent next time they meet. And in so doing, they can also improve their skills and sports. In conjunction with such, the player must play fair so that both can give their best efforts that will eventually give them a sense of satisfaction. Also, as mentioned above, playing fair is also a form of socialization. When we enter into a competition, we should also bear in mind that after every after game, there will always be another chance wherein the two of you will meet again. It will also be an advantage to know your opponent not just on the court but more so, personally. You cannot just discuss your strategies but also, you can also create camaraderie, connections and friendships. This is an advantage for both players because you not only gave the audience what they are craving for; but also, it also shows that you can be defeated gracefully, which is commendable in the audiences point of view. Being a sport also gives the player a sense of â€Å"self-improvement†. Further elaborated, when the player becomes the loser, this gives him a lesson that he should constantly improve his sport or craft so that next time, he will win. Now, in view point of the winner, this does not mean that he should always be confident in his abilities. He should also be constantly honing his talent because there will always be someone out there that is better than him that might outshine him one day. Fair play serves as a constant reminder for both the player to always sharpen their respective craft to improve themselves and consequently, achieve their primary goal—which is, to win. Now, like mentioned from above, fair play does not only apply to the player. It should also apply to the other people that are prominent in a game like the coaches and other officials. There is no denying that coaches are a huge factor to develop a character and sense of sportsmanship of a player. They serve as the primary teacher which teaches us to be not just great players but also, as the ones that we take our basic course in sports. Now, since they are considered as the first teachers, it is inevitable that they should also serve as role models for players. Players should not be treated as the only stars in the game. The coaches and officials should also be a sport. This does not only break the rule of being a â€Å"teacher’ but also, it conforms to the notion of fair play. Coaches should also be able to accept winning and defeat gracefully. This does not only generate respect from the audience but more importantly, they also earn the respect of their fellow coaches and officials. And when they have already earned that respect, they should also learn to repay it to their players. With every lesson or new technique or strategy that they teach their players, it should also be accompanied with the constant lesson that the players should also learn how to be humble, or, in other words, be a sport. The whole concept of fair play will not be complete without being empathetic with the audiences. We have seen in televisions how the audiences react whenever their favorite soccer team makes a goal. The audiences should also have a proper etiquette whenever they watch their favorite team play. More often than not, audiences get too excited for their teams and eventually, it causes chaos in more ways than one. The audience should also have a concept of fair play so that there will be no casualties (both physical and egoistical) in the end. Just like their idols, they should also learn to accept defeat gracefully and understandingly. The concept of fair play or sportsmanship has been a â€Å"golden rule† in the world of sports ever since time in memoriam. Basically, it only states that players should show respect and should be fair in following the rules of the game. Not only should it apply for the players but also, for the coaches, officials and the audiences as well. Practicing fair play plays a great role in winning a game because it becomes a part of the whole game itself. Being fair implies a big responsibility not just for the players but also for the coaches, officials and the audiences as well. In playing fair, the player can re-evaluate his abilities and the strategies that he is employing if ever he losses a game. But this does not mean that the winner should now be always confident; he should rather practice more so as to hone his skills and so that, he can maintain his winning streak. Also, being fair builds camaraderie amongst players. For some, it is a form of socialization. Not only does it create friendships but also, it can also be a foundation of connections and a little bit of fame. Still, in a player’s point of point of view, it builds character. Generally, in sports, the coaches are considered as the first teachers of the athletes. They are the ones that should be responsible for how players behave and carry out the game. More importantly, they are the ones that sportsmanship should be highly visible because after all, they are the ones that created great, responsible and humble players. They should also know how to accept defeat gracefully because after all, in every game, there is always a winner and a loser. This should also be true for the officials because it is in their hands that the whole flow of the game lies. Also, they are considered as the â€Å"big boss† in a game and consequently, they can serve as a door for opportunities and a great entertainment for the audience. Lastly, to make this whole philosophy be holistic, it should also apply with the audiences. Around the world, there have been hundred reports that a simple game between two rival soccer teams causes many casualties and even suspensions for both teams. Audiences should know how to act properly in a game and should not be over excited regarding their respective teams. They should practice the concept of sportsmanship so that everything will be fair. In conclusion, the concept of sportsmanship has long been around and it is practiced since time in memoriam. It is an unwritten wherein it can save or break a game (or in some cases, even players and managers). Since it is a rule, it should be respected; but there are also situations where it has been violated and the violators have paid their price. To break it down, it is just a simple rule but pertains a heavy load of responsibility and consequences. And these consequences are downright heavy so it is will be much better for the players to just practice this philosophy so as not to get their selves into a big trouble and maybe one day, save their lives.

Influence of Religion on African Culture

Africa is a continent of diversity. In this diversity there are hundreds of tribes and communities each practicing its own culture and religion. It would be very difficult to define Africa’s traditional religion as it would be difficult to define its culture.More so, it is extremely difficult to establish the dividing line between African Culture and African Religion. However, as much as there were many African Traditional Religions, their similarities were more dominant than their differences. We take up these similarities and encompass them as one African Traditional Religion. In this report, we explore the important aspects of Africa’s Traditional Religions and cultures that cut across the entire continent.This essay is based on various researches done by prominent scholars, historical background of Africa, news and books relevant to African studies. This report attempts to define religion, culture, and explores the major religions, African Traditional Religion (ATR) , Christianity and Islam and their influence and impact on African culture. Africa is one of the World’s six continents. It is the second largest and second most populous continent after Asia. Other continents include; Asia, America-North, America-South, Australia, Europe.Geologically, Present-day Africa, occupying one-fifth of Earth's land surface, is the central remnant of the ancient southern supercontinent called Gondwanaland, a landmass once made up of South America, Australia, Antarctica, India, and Africa. This massive supercontinent broke apart between 195 million and 135 million years ago, cleaved by the same geological forces that continue to transform Earth's crust today. At about 30. 2 million km? (11. 7 million sq  mi) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20. % of the total land area. With 1. 0 billion people (as of 2009) in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14. 72% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent has 54 sovereign states, including Madagascar, various island groups, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a member state of the African Union whose statehood is disputed by Morocco.Afri was the name of several Semitic peoples who dwelt in North Africa near Carthage (in modern Tunisia). Their name is usually connected with Phoenician afar, â€Å"dust†, but a 1981 hypothesis has asserted that it stems from a Berber word ifri or Ifran meaning â€Å"cave†, in reference to cave dwellers. Africa or Ifri or Afer is name of Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania (Berber Tribe of Yafran). Pre-colonial Africa possessed perhaps as many as 10,000 different states and polities characterised by many different sorts of political organisation and rule.These included small family groups of hunter-gatherers such as the San people of southern Africa; larger, more structured groups such as the family clan groupings of the Bantu-speaking people of central and southern Africa, heavily structured clan groups in the Horn of Africa, the large Sahelian kingdoms, and autonomous city-states and kingdoms such as those of the Akan, Yoruba and Igbo people (also misspelled as Ibo) in West Africa, and the Swahili coastal trading towns of East Africa.Religion originates from the Latin world religare (re: back, and ligare: to bind), and this brings up the world â€Å"being bound. † faith is usually the core element of religion. Faith encompasses â€Å"Value-center,† â€Å"trust,† â€Å"loyalty,† and â€Å"meaning†. It is difficult to define religion.A good definition of religion is one that expounds on the following key traits; Belief in something sacred (for example, gods or other supernatural beings), A distinction between sa cred and profane objects, Ritual acts focused on sacred objects, A moral code believed to have a sacred or supernatural basis, characteristically religious feelings (awe, sense of mystery, sense of guilt, adoration), which tend to be aroused in the presence of sacred objects and during the practice of ritual, prayer and other forms of communication with the supernatural, world view, or a general picture of the world as a whole and the place of the individual therein. This picture contains some specification of an over-all purpose or point of the world and an indication of how the individual fits into it, a more or less total organization of one’s life based on the world view, A social group bound together by the above. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning â€Å"to cultivate†) is a term that has various meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of â€Å"culture† in Culture: A Cri tical Review of Concepts and Definitions.However, the word â€Å"culture† is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as culture, An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning and the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group. Culture has six core elements; politics, economics, ethics, aesthetics, kinship and religion. And out of these, religion â€Å"is by far the richest part of the African heritage. † It shapes their cultures, their social life, their politics, and their economics and is at the same time shaped by this same way of life. Some of the major religions that influenced African culture; African traditional religion, Christianity and Islam African Traditional ReligionIt is a unique religion whose sources include: sacred places and religio us objects such as rocks, hills, mountains, trees, caves and other holy places; rituals, ceremonies and festivals of the people; art and symbols; music and dance; proverbs, riddles, and wise sayings; and names of people and places. Beliefs cover topics such as God, spirits, birth, death, the hereafter, magic, and witchcraft. Religion, in the African indigenous context, permeates all departments of life. Africa’s traditional religion is based on the Ubuntu philosophy, which is a Zulu word for human-ness, and was developed over many centuries in traditional African culture. This culture was pre-literate, pre-scientific and pre-industrial. The concept of Ubuntu was originally expressed in the songs and stories, the customs and the institutions of the people. Another distinctive quality of the Ubuntu philosophy is the African emphasis on consensus.Indeed, the African traditional culture has, seemingly, an almost infinite capacity for the pursuit of consensus and reconciliation. D emocracy in the African way does not simply boil down to majority rule since it operates in the form of discussions geared towards a consensus. Christianity The Christian religion was founded in what is today Israel and Palestine 2000 years ago at the beginning of the Common Era. Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, a Jewish teacher and prophet. Early Christians (followers of Christ) believed that Jesus was divine in that he was the son of God. Islam Islam is a religion that was founded by Prophet Mohammed.It geographic origin can be traced to the modern-day Saudi Arabia. Influences of Religion on African Culture Religion being one of the core components of culture has a great influence on culture. Every religion practiced in Africa today has had a profound effect on the African culture, be it the African Traditional Religion, Christianity or Islam. Christianity Influence on African Culture arrived in Africa in two groups. One important group was centered in Egypt and had influence throughout North Africa. This group was known as the Gnostics. One of the other major factions of the early Christianity was centered in Rome. This faction was very much influenced by the teachings of the Apostle Paul.This faction became prominent in the fourth century C. E. when the Roman Empire officially became Christian. Recognizing the importance of a sacred text in solidifying their control over Christianity, the Roman faction brought together a collection of writings by early Christians and proclaimed these writings were inspired by God and that they were the true testament of the life and teachings of Jesus. This collection is known as the New Testament and is a central part of the Christian Bible. However, in creating the New Testament the Roman faction rejected as heresy all other writings about Jesus' life and teachings, including many books written by North African Gnostic ChristiansIn spite of the repression of the Gnostic Christians by Roman Christians, Christianity continued to flourish throughout North Africa until the arrival of Islam in the seventh century C. E. The Christians in this area were known as Coptic Christians, named after the main language of the area. By the time of the arrival of Islam, the Coptic Orthodox Church had lost most of the Gnostic influence, although the Coptic faith, like the Gnostics placed a great deal of emphasis on contemplation and monasticism. In structure, it was similar to the Church of Rome in that it practiced the same sacraments, and the church structure was made up of priests and bishops.Like the Roman Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church is headed by a Patriarch (similar to the Pope in the Roman Church) who lives in Alexandria. Even after Egypt had been taken over by Arab Moslems, the Coptic Christians continued to form a small but important segment of Egyptian society. Indeed, Coptic Christians today comprise approximately fifteen per cent of the Egyptian population. Christiani ty was introduced in Nubia by Christian monks and traders in the fifth and sixth centuries C. E. By the seventh century, the rulers of Nubia and most Nubians had converted to Christianity. In practice and structure, the Nubian church was similar to the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt.In June, 18, 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull ‘Dum Diversas', granting King Alfonso V of Portugal the right to â€Å"attack, conquer, and subjugate Saracens, Pagans and other enemies of Christ wherever they may be found. † It gave title over all lands and possessions seized and permitted the Portuguese to take the inhabitants and consign them to perpetual slavery. Dum Diversas legitimised the colonial slave trade that begun around this time with the expeditions by Henry the Navigator to find a sea route to India, which were financed with African slaves. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his Romanus Pontifex of 1455. The transatlantic trade in Africans was fo unded on Christianity.Religion was key in motivating Prince Henry of Portugal, later called Henry, â€Å"the Navigator† (1394-1460), to put in motion Europe's aggressive and ruthless expeditions to Africa. Henry was not only the governor of Algrave Province, who managed a large economic infrastructure based on the unbridled grasp of enormous wealth from trans-Saharan commerce, but he was also the administrator of the Order of Christ, the Portuguese successor to the Knights Templar, a famous Western military order founded in the aftermath of the First Crusade at Clermont on November 27, 1095. As one of the best fighting units, the Soldiers of Christ prompted a series of striking maritime exploits, ensuring the safety of Europeans who made pilgrimages to Jerusalem.It is important to note that during this historical period, the feudal states of European countries were just beginning to unite and major religious wars were being fought between Christians and Muslims, especially th e Moors in Morocco. Henry trained men to sail from Portugal, down the west coast of Africa in search of the limits to the Muslim world, in order to halt the Islamization of West Africa and to accelerate the spread of Christianity. In order to further God's intentions for humankind, Ogbu Kalu contends that within the context of religious logic, papal bulls offered rights of patronage to Henry, authorizing him to appoint clerical orders for evangelization and to fend off competing European interests.According to Peter Russell, Henry the Navigator considered conversion and enslavement as interchangeable terms, experiencing no cognitive dissonance in using Christianity as a civilizing agent for making converts into slaves. In â€Å"Christianity: Missionaries in Africa,† Modupe Labode sums it up this way: The case of the Portuguese exemplifies the close relationship between Crown and Church. In the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the pope recognized Portuguese claims to Africa. The Crown was also responsible for attempting to convert the indigenous people to Christianity. Much of the missionary effort over the next two and half centuries was conducted under Portuguese authority. The vast majority of the missionaries at this time were Roman Catholic priests, many of them belonged to religious orders such as the Jesuits, Capuchins, and Franciscans.Influence of Islam on African Culture led to the spread of Islam, from its heartland in the Middle East and North Africa to India and Southeast Asia, revealed the power of the religion and its commercial and sometimes military attributes. The spread of Islam across much of the northern third of Africa produced profound effects on both those who converted and those who resisted the new faith. Islamization also served to link Muslim Africa even more closely to the outside world through trade, religion, and politics. Trade and long-distance commerce, in fact, was carried out in many parts of the continent and linked regio ns beyond the orbit of Muslim penetration.Until about 1450, however, Islam provided the major external contact between sub-Saharan Africa and the world. State building took place in many areas of the continent under a variety of conditions. West Africa, for example, experienced both the cultural influence of Islam and its own internal dynamic of state building and civilization developments that produced, in some places, great artistic accomplishments. The existence of stateless societies and their transformation into states are a constant of African history even beyond 1500. As we have seen with Egypt, North Africa was also linked across the Sahara to the rest of Africa in many ways.With the rise of Islam, those ties became even closer. Between A. D. 640 and 700 the followers of Muhammad swept across North Africa from Suez to the Pillars of Hercules on Morocco's Atlantic shore. By A. D. 670 Muslims ruled Tunisia, or Ifriqiya, what the Romans had called Africa. (The Arabs originally used this word as the name for eastern North Africa and Maghrib for lands to the West. ) By 711, Arab and Berber armies had crossed into Spain. In opposition to the states dominated by the Arabic rulers, the peoples of the desert, the Berbers, formed states of their own at places such as Fez in Morocco and at Sijilimasa, the old city of the trans-Saharan caravan trade.By the 11th century, under pressure from new Muslim invaders from the East, a great puritanical reformist movement, whose followers were called the Almoravids, grew among the desert Berbers of the western Sahara. Launched on the course of a jihad, a holy war waged to purify, spread, or protect the faith, the Almoravids moved southward against the African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain. Islam offered a number of attractions within Africa. Its fundamental teaching that all Muslims are equal within the community of believers made the acceptance of conquerors and new rulers easier. The Islamic tradition of uniting the powers of the state and religion in the person of the ruler or caliph appealed to some African kings as a way of reinforcing their authority.The concept that all members of the ummah, or community of believers, were equal put the newly converted Berbers and later Africans on an equal footing with the Arabs, at least in law. Despite these egalitarian and somewhat utopian ideas within Islam, practice differed considerably at local levels. Social stratification remained important in Islamicized societies and ethnic distinctions also divided the believers. The Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and religious authority reinforced traditional ideas of kingship. It is also important to note that in Africa, as elsewhere in the world, the formation of states heightened social differences and made these societies more hierarchical.Africans had been enslaved by others before, and Nubian (African) slaves had been known in the classical world, but with the Muslim conquests o f North Africa and commercial penetration to the south, slavery became a more widely diffused phenomenon, and a slave trade in Africans developed on a new scale. In theory, slavery was viewed by Muslims as a stage in the process of conversion – a way of preparing pagans to become Muslims – but in reality conversion did not guarantee freedom. Slaves in the Islamic world were used in a variety of occupations, such as domestic servants and laborers, but they were also used as soldiers and administrators who, having no local ties and affiliations, were considered to be dependent and thus trustworthy by their masters. Slaves were also used as eunuchs and concubines; thus the emphasis on women and children.The trade caravans from the Sahel across the Sahara often transported slaves as well as gold. Other slave-trade routes developed from the African interior to the east African coast. The tendency for the children of slave mothers to eventually be freed and integrated into M uslim society, while positive in one sense, also meant a constant demand for more slaves. Islam provided the residents of these towns a universal set of ethics and beliefs that made their maritime contacts easier; but in East Africa, as in the savanna kingdoms of West Africa, Islamization was slow to penetrate among the general population, and when it did, the result was often a compromise between indigenous ways and the new faith.By the thirteenth century, a string of urbanized trading ports sharing the common Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language and other cultural traits – although governed by separate Muslim ruling families – had developed along the coast. Towns such as Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar eventually contained mosques, tombs, and palaces of cut stone and coral. Ivory, gold, iron, slaves, and exotic animals were exported from these ports in exchange for silks from Persia and porcelain from China for the ruling Muslim f amilies. African culture remained strong throughout the area. Swahili language was essentially a Bantu language into which a large number of Arabic words were incorporated, though many of them were not incorporated until the 16th century.The language was written in an Arabic script sometime prior to the 13th century; the ruling families could also converse in Arabic. Islam itself penetrated very little into the interior among the hunters, pastoralists, and farmers. Even the areas of the coast near the trading towns remained relatively unaffected. In the towns, the stone and coral buildings of the Muslim elite were surrounded by mud and thatch houses of the non-Muslim common people, so that Islamization was to some extent class-based. Still, a culture developed that fused Islamic and traditional elements. Family lineage, for example, was traced both through the maternal line, which controlled property (the traditioral African practice), and through the paternal line, as was the Musli m custom.The enduring legacy of the influence of religion on African culture led to majority of Africans profess either Christian or Islamic faith. Considering that there lie a thin veneer between culture and religion, it is imperative that these two religions have fundamentally altered the African culture, if there exist any. These religions spread into Africa aboard various vehicles, including; slavery, colonialism, trade, education, among others. These religions emphasized a ruler-ship founded on a hierarchy focused on one centre of power, the imperial dictatorship. This was contrary to African culture that was less hierarchical and more collegiate, that emphasized on dialogue and consensus. It is this imperialist hierarchical structure that still causes chaos in Africa today.To a large extend most Africans remain colonized, whether politically, economically, religiously, culturally, spiritually or otherwise. A society that is still colonized is not a free society, it is a societ y wallowing deeply in the swampy marshes of slavery. Africa, the mother of humanity, as it stands now is one whose veil of religion and garment of culture has been torn. It is a mother whose dignity has been raped, and its young children defiled by the older siblings who came back from their adventures abroad. One most fundamental question would be: Is colonialism and slavery a just price that Africans have to pay eternally for the reward of education and trade? Whichever way the answer comes to be, Africa needs restoration.Restoration is only possible if Africans can wake up to spiritual reality and eschew the bondage of foreign religion consumed by it from its renegade sons and daughters. The turning point can only be achieved if Africans realize that religion and spirituality are distinct – that spirituality possessed by a religious person can never be fresh and neither can religion exist in a pure spirituality. Africa must free itself from this intoxicating addiction to f oreign religion, and for that matter, any religion for it to be truly free. CONCLUSION. In conclusion, a keen oversee at history slowly shows us more cleary the influence of religion on African culture.The change due to the influence may not have taken place there and then but took time spreading its roots and slowly merging with the native culture and in some other instances completely eroding it. Just like how Christianity was introduced to Africa, the natives did not completely embrace it just like that, they took their precious time and in present day Africa, it is still being practiced and no one can pin point the exact time when Christianity was completely taken in by the natives of the past. These different religions which were introduced to African culture or way of life made other cultures to take a complete turnaround from their practices and events.