Research Rep - 787 Words

Project Topic: (To research the following) A range of development indicators that South Africa is more developed than its neighbouring countries (Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland and Lesotho) | Mrs. K. Nagiah | | Done by: Caleb Terah Manikam Done by: Caleb Terah Manikam Caleb Terah Manikam11C Reg. no.:10 Geography Caleb Terah Manikam11C Reg. no.:10 Geography Content 1. Introduction 2. Comparison of development indicators in the seven countries 3. Pictures 4. Conclusion 5. Bibliography Introduction: In this investigation I will thoroughly research and determine whether South Africa is more developed than its neighbouring countries Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe,†¦show more content†¦The two main indicators are economic indicators, social indicators and demographic indicators. Comparison of development indicators of the 7 countries: 2.1. a) Country | GDP/capita | GINI | South Africa | $ 7,257 | 63.1% | Swaziland | $ 3,490 | 51.5% | Zimbabwe | $ 837 | 50.1% | Mozambique | $ 650 | 45.7% | Namibia | $ 5,920 | 63.9% | Lesotho | $ 1,372 | 52.5% | Botswana | $ 9,624 | 63% | 2.1.b) The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in South Africa was worth 350.63 billion US dollars in 2013. The GDP value of South Africa represents 0.57 percent of the world economy. GDP in South Africa averaged 116.62 USD Billion from 1960 until 2013, reaching an all-time high of 403.89 USD Billion in 2011 and a record low of 7.36 USD Billion in 1960. 2.2. a) Compare at least 4 social indicators Country | HDI | PPP | ADULT LITERACY | LIFE EXPECTENCY | South Africa | ^0.629 | $11.750 | 86.4% | 49.41 Years | Swaziland | ^0.563 | $5.807 | 81.6% | 49.42 Years | Zimbabwe | ^0.397 | $589 | 90.7% | 51.82 Years | Mozambique | ^0.322 | $1.169 | 56.1% | 52.02 Years | Namibia | ^0.608 | $8.160 | 88.8% | 52.17 Years | Lesotho | ^0.427 | $2.244 | 89.6% | 51.86 Years | Botswana | ^0.634 | $17.596 | 84.5% | 55.74 Years | 2.2.b) Human Development Index is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being. It is used toShow MoreRelatedHow Social Exclusion Affects The Feeling Of Physical Coldness2017 Words   |  9 Pagesthe introduction, as-well as providing a generous amount of previous research to support their approach. Effectively, studies by Bargh, Chen, Burrows (1996) gave explanations that can be used to explain the change in physical temperature. However, contrary to the direction of the research the study by Schubert, 2005 is irrelevant to the aim, as it explains typing skills, not related to the topic. As stated above, the research consists of two experiments; participants were divided into two conditionsRead MoreQuestions On Writing Assignments : The Klandermans And Staggenborg Text4910 Words   |  20 Pagessocial movements research? Discuss their benefits and limitations. In the realm of social science there are a variety of measurement tools that academics use to perform social research. 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In many instances, the issue, problem, question, etc. which prompted the idea f or an evaluation study isRead MoreProject Proposal For Improving Inventory Management Essay3084 Words   |  13 Pages Industry Project Research Proposal What methods are most effective to decrease cost in material management with reference to JA Russell. (Warehousing and inventory management) Academic Leader Mr. Harry Touzel Project proposal prepared by JAI SINGH BHURJI Contents Introduction and Background 2 Statement of issue with the organization. 2 Research Question and Aims 2 Aims and objectives 2 Literature overview 2 WarehousingRead MoreResearch Ethics : The Advancement Of Ethically Sound Research890 Words   |  4 PagesResearch ethics review is vital to the advancement of ethically sound research. 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Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into theRead MoreCritical Evaluation of Articles by Russel (2005) and Brown Et Al. (2005)] Critical Evaluation of Articles by Russel (2005) and Brown Et Al. (2005)]3636 Words   |  15 PagesNottingham University Business School MSc Programmes [Research Methods for Finance and Investment] [Critical Evaluation of Articles by Russel (2005) and Brown et al. (2005)] [Konstantin Dambaev] Student ID: [4158276] Word count: 3007 (without headings), 3234 (with headings). COPY [1] It’s a question of trust: Balancing the relationship between students and teachers in ethnographic fieldwork Russell, L. 1. The researcher says that â€Å"[i]ntense observationsRead MoreHow Tourism Is A Vital Industry For The Countries1096 Words   |  5 PagesTourism is a vital industry for the countries in the Mediterranean. There is long list of reason why people choose Mediterranean holiday’s especially in young people why do they attract holiday’s packages like club 18-30. There has been a lot of research in the area of Mediterranean tourism. The development of theory in this area consists of a large number of general themes. Most of the literature that was found on this subject focussed on the impact of factors like sex relationship, use of drugsRead MoreUnited States Agricultural Stakeholder Views And Actions Towards Climate Change8229 Words   |  33 PagesExecutive Summary The following literature review summarizes research on United States agricultural stakeholder views and actions towards climate change, including extreme weather, adaptation and mitigation measures, and climate forecasting tools. The majority of references discussed are from 2000-2015 and are peer-reviewed journal articles containing surveys and interviews; we also include relevant non-peer-reviewed reports. The review focuses on the attitudes and actions of United States farmersRead MoreArimount: Company Overview1028 Words   |  5 Pageswell-known beauty and grooming company that have been in business for 20 years. They have an average ROI and are well established with a variety of products in its portfolio. Situation Analysis: The Company wants to launch a new deodorant. The company Research and Development department has created a new chemical that will allow a deodorant to work up to 5 days-even after showering. The product’s name is â€Å"No-Goat Smelling X5†. The company strategy is to top the market share with this revolutionary product

Examples Of Forrest Gump Essay - 1061 Words

â€Å"Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what youre going to get.† Forrest Gump said in the movie (Forrest Gump, 1994). We never know what life is going to give us. So every day is something we really dont know about until we actually live it. The same is true of a persons career plan. We can’t design every step of our careers just like designing delicate watches, but we can try our best in daily work and study to be better men. That’s the necessity of career planning. Exactly as a Chinese saying goes, â€Å"Just doing right things, not asking the future.† Through this movie, some people see a nice and incredibly lucky guy, but I recognize a man who always cherishes the present moment, does his utmost to seek every tiny opportunity†¦show more content†¦Nobody can work in the position of director at the beginning of his career. I knew I should take the first step as soon as possible. Therefore, when I was working on making connection with those industry elites on LinkedIn, I also tried my best to seek opportunities to get the internship position in USA Archery or related fields through the established connections. I have focused on the career page of the USA Archery website for a long time. The opportunity aroused one day, the high performance department of USAA was recruiting a coordinator. Indeed, as a graduate student of sport management program, seeking an internship position is more realistic than the official position. So should I give up this opportunity and wait for next time? â€Å"NO†, a voice came from the depth of my heart. Take time while time is, for time will away. I send an e-mail to Mary Emmons (the director of the high performance department) to express my professional capabilities of management and coordinating, as well as my passion to the archery. Things dont always work out as we think. I had been checking my mailbox every day, but nothing happened. I felt I had lost this chance. When I was depressed, I remembered what Dr. Cellini taught us in the class: don’t fear to try a second time. In fact, I had nothing to lose no matter I attempt or not. One week later after the first e-mail, I send a follow-up e-mail to ask about my application and express my desire to work for USAA. IShow MoreRelated The Naive Protagonists of Candide and Forrest Gump Essay example3382 Words   |  14 PagesProtagonists of Candide and Forrest Gump      Ã‚   Society can be, and is, corrupt in many different ways. Within our lives we are subject, but not limited to, corruptions within religion, corruptions of morals, and corruption within the government. Voltaire, the author of Candide, and Robert Zemeckis, the director of Forrest Gump, both use grotesquely naà ¯ve protagonists to illustrate their view of the world in which they live. Nevertheless, Candide and Forrest, surrounded by a corrupt societyRead MoreComparsion of Forrest Gump and The Dark Knight Rises Essay example521 Words   |  3 PagesOne doesn’t often think about comparing movies as different as Forrest Gump and The Dark Knight Rises. Because they’re completely different genres, it’s hard to imagine they could have any similarities at all. But after thinking about it for a long time, it starts to make a little bit of sense. For one thing, they both have some symbolism, although Forrest Gump has a lot more. The feather symbolizing freedom, the leg braces symbolizing society, the box of chocolates symbolizing life, the shrimpRead MoreForrest Gump Movie Review Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Forrest Gump Movie Review Essay Often, hardships such as war, separation from the ones you love, terrorism, and bullying can bring your self esteem, motivation, and even personality down to a lower level. It can be difficult to stay strong and keep progressing with the many misfortunes that can occur. Likewise, Robert Zemeckis’ Forrest Gump shows how the protagonist, Forrest Gump, deals with and reacts to all the adversity that happens in the society and in his family and friends as well. ForrestRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Forrest Gump1362 Words   |  6 Pagesand Rankian methods of analysis. In this essay, I will analyze the 1994 American film Forrest Gump by using three methods of analysis. In overview, the movie Forrest Gump tells a tale of a young Georgia country boy by the name of Forrest Gump. Forrest can be characterized as a special kid who had to wear leg braces because of his inability to walk straight. In addition, in the movie Forrest is seen having a low IQ when compared to other kids his age. F orrest soon finds himself being rejected by theRead MoreForrest Gump Essay 2202 Words   |  9 Pageswriting about the film ‘Forrest Gump’. 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Atmospheric Pollution Free Essays

string(222) " passed addressing specific problems in this area of law, for example, atmospheric pollution from chemical industries and ‘unclean’ modes of transport, water pollution and the regulation of statutory nuisance\." Firstly, we must question: How does air pollution occur? To understand this, one is required to recognise the earth’s surroundings. Life is totally dependant upon the blanket of mixed gases referred to as ‘air’ surrounding our planet earth. This atmosphere is, approximately, a five hundred kilometre thick1 composite layer of colourless, odourless gasses that surrounds the earth kept in place by gravitational forces. We will write a custom essay sample on Atmospheric Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to its intangible form, it is often ignored by man, making it vulnerable and easily damaged (this fact being highlighted by a large number of disasters caused, effectively, by man). The political and scientific debate on the so called ‘Greenhouse Effect’ is based on concern over increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide resulting from combustion of fossil fuels and emissions of other ‘Greenhouse Gases’ – such as methane (from decomposing waste), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxides (NOx). The activities of homo sapiens have introduced these new chemicals into the atmosphere and disturbed the distribution of its natural constituents. At first, this was limited to the effect of the fireplace, but later, with the greatly expanded usage of coal, these effects grew more acute. And, after the Industrial Revolution, these effects were compounded. As will be made clear, this revolution reached such a point that consequences began to be regarded more than just an inevitable residue of industrialisation and the struggle for economic growth. 1.1 Secondly, in order to intertwine the above information with the issue at hand, it may be necessary to ask oneself, what is environmental law, who is using it and for what purposes? These questions are being posed, as it is imperative to understand the background of the subject, not just for this subtopic in environmental law, but any topic, before entering it in any depth. Environmental law is first and foremost, a combination of primary legislation2, secondary legislation3 (which will be explained in more depth throughout the project), judicial decisions, common law principles, European Community legislation4 – ‘which impose an obligation on members states to enact legislation to give effect to the terms of the Directive’5 which are transposed into national law (as regulations), European treaties and international law (found in treaties, conventions and protocols). 1.2 The foremost function of environmental law is not, as many would imagine, to completely eliminate pollution altogether, but rather, to allow, or balance pollution levels with the gains we, as a society receive from economic growth. This phenomenon, known most frequently as ‘sustainable development’ is one that will be referred to time and time again in any environmental law topic. Sustainable development’s widely accepted definition is to be found in the 1987 Bruntland Report – â€Å"Our Common Future† (the report for the World Commission on Environmental Development 1987). It states: ‘†¦development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs’. In layman terms, what this report was recommending, or advising the inhabitants of this earth to do, was to use our resources on the planet in such a manner, so as not to jeopardise the way in which it can be used by others in those years after us. A classic example highlighting the necessity of sustainable development is that of the Communist regimes, such in Poland, in which they favoured production and economic development over protection of the environment. In brief, economic growth will lead to changes in the environment. If this growth is not controlled/governed, it can lead to an ugly and dangerous environment. One could be as bold as to say that obviously, the overriding consideration of any commercial enterprise is the maintenance and expansion of profit. To achieve this, one tactic is to minimize costs and this can occur by reviewing methods of disposal of unwanted materials. If discharging these wastes into the atmosphere represents the cheapest way of accomplishing this, then the industry will have a strong inclination to adopt this strategy. The costs of disposal do not disappear when pollution is emitted into the atmosphere, and as has been discovered, the society will eventually end up paying far greater costs. Therefore, it is the governments of each nation must choose limits to benefit both the environment and economic growth. This is often referred to as ‘anthroprecantic’7 and most law is based on it. As it was eventually assessed (with regards to the situation in Poland) that their lack of concern for the environment in which they inhabited was, in effect, the reason for their poor economic advancement. It was also noted that their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was less than those countries who followed the anthroprecantic system. This perhaps is the most precise example of how the environment plays such a big factor on our lives, not just for our health, but also for the development of our respective countries. (After all, it is the aspiration of each and every governing nation to become wealthy and prosperous – economic development is at the heart of each nation). In working towards sustainable development, whether in broad terms or looking at one particular aspect such as air quality, a number of basic concepts must guide action. These concepts have been clearly outlined in a number of governmental papers8. Within the United Kingdom’s largely secular and pragmatic society, it seems inevitable that pollution is view in an economic context. 2.0 The industrial revolution was the main cause of such concern over the environment. Before this time, ‘environmental law in England and Wales was characterised by a parochial focus on localised pollution problems’9. Such problems date back to the early uses of coal in domestic fires. The production of fumes and particulates from fires caused pulmonary infections and related lung diseases. Notwithstanding this effect, coal continued to be used. In 1661, John Evelyn published his famous work on air pollution in city areas, Fumi Fugiumi, which not only outlined the problems that atmospheric pollution from smoke caused, but also, more importantly, tried to suggest methods by which the problem could be resolved. After this period, much legislation was passed addressing specific problems in this area of law, for example, atmospheric pollution from chemical industries and ‘unclean’ modes of transport, water pollution and the regulation of statutory nuisance. You read "Atmospheric Pollution" in category "Papers" 2.1 Very few areas of the United Kingdom are safe from air pollution. Pollution levels exceed Government health standards all over the country on many days every year, even in rural areas. It is difficult to assess exactly the impact of air pollution on public health. However the government itself stated that: â€Å"the Department of Health’s latest assessment is that air pollution is at present responsible each year for several thousand advanced deaths; for ten to twenty thousand hospital admissions, and for many thousands of instances of illness, reduced activity, distress and discomfort†10. It was also assessed that short-term episodes cause between 12,700 and 19,500 premature deaths in the UK a year11. And three years prior to this, it was estimated12 that short-term pollution episodes were responsible for between 12,000 and 24,000 deaths per year. These figures have put new pressure on the Government to fully support the Road Traffic Reduction Bill13, from Cynog Dafis MP. Over 400 Members of Parliament are supporting the principles of the Bill, which requires the government to produce a national plan to cut road traffic from 1990 levels by 5% by the year 2005 and 10% by the year 2010. As can be imagined, road transport is a major source of air pollution in the UK. Five of the key pollutants are: particulates (fine dust and soot particles – PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), benzene and hydrocarbons (HCs). ‘After more than half a century of under-investment in Britain, roads are the most congested in Europe’14. However, knowing that transport is the cornerstone of modern society, yet it is responsible for poor air quality in many urban centres around the world, what is there that can be done about its damaging effect on our environment? There are increasing concerns about the impact of traffic exhaust emissions on the health of citizens who are exposed to the high concentrations of pollutants, plus the wider global implications. Legislation is helping clean up vehicles and fuel, but there is a significant time lag while the vehicle stock is being replaced. In the interim, mechanisms could to be introduced that accelerate the replacement of vehicles or improve the existing stock. 2.2 In the UK such a concept has taken the form of Low Emission Zones, which aim to restrict the use of the most polluting vehicles from specific areas in an urban environment. In Sweden, a similar concept has been in operation since 1996 whereby environmental standards are specified for heavy vehicles entering the central area of the main cities. The government has also recently set health standards for eight key pollutants. For these pollutants it has also set policy targets to be reached by the year 2005. Meeting these targets will need action locally, nationally and internationally. The Environment Act 1995 set up a system known as Local Air Quality Management through which local authorities will play a major part in reducing pollution levels. 2.3 If we are to meet the Government’s targets for air pollution, then pollution from traffic must be cut drastically. There are two main ways to do this: Traffic reduction: cutting the volume of traffic on the roads. A number of environmental organisations are supporting the Road Traffic Reduction Act (which is now law) and the Road Traffic Reduction (UK Targets) Bill. This Bill, which is currently in Parliament as a Private Members Bill, aims to cut traffic levels nationally by 5% by 2005 and 10% by 2010. Greener cars: making sure that cars pollute as little as is possible. This is achieved through tightening engine technology and fuel quality standards. These standards are set at a European level15. 2.4 Although the above issues are seemingly simple, everyone does not welcome the manner in which they will be implemented. For example, There are a huge number in opposition to the government increasing taxes on fuel, and in one particular instance, it was stated by a former chairman of a lobbying institution, that ‘if Gordon Brown increases his fuel taxes, he will see the same situation as he saw in Autumn 2000’ [where there was a great number of protests and havoc was caused around Britain]16 This threat was reinforced by a totally independent party, namely the Petrol Retailers Association, who warned ‘if taxes on motor fuels are increased, petrol forecourts will close’17. With statistics and threats such as those provided, it is difficult to advise what the government can do to aid the situation. The Liberal Democrat party also showed its urgency when it released a statement highlighting its concern that the Chancellor of the Exchequer must freeze fuel taxes in real terms for the lifetime of this Parliament. The party also called for a ‘sliding scale’ of car tax emissions, so that consumers with polluting vehicles paying higher duties, and those with the most environmentally friendly, paying nothing18. And, in support of this plea, it was stated, by The Confederation of British Industry, that they would be ‘surprised and disappointed if there was a real increase in fuel duties’ 2.5 The Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, who is behind many of the more noticeable environmental issues with regards to London stated in his manifesto that he aims to ‘put the environment at the heart of London government and provide for comprehensive environmental assessment and monitoring of all strategies which the Mayor is required to produce’19. In addition to this, the Mayor said that he will ‘aim to reduce road traffic by 15% by 2010’20. In favour of this aim, recent figures suggest that the UK’s emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are being reduced21 and in addition, greenhouse gases are also being reduced. However, as stated previously, with the correction of specific pollution problems, comes an uplift of other hazards, such as in this case, the increase in carbon dioxide emissions and recent developments in the electricity market suggest problematic situations. 3.0 All aspects of environmental law have a domestic, European and international dimension to them. For example, if one lives in a country where there are dangerous waste materials being transported thorough, the government of transporting town will ensure that the standard of safety provided is of a standard expected on a international level. These precautions must be taken in any environmental situation as will be discovered through this assignment. The influence of international law on the regulation of air pollution has been significant. This may be in recognition of the fact that many of the problems caused by air pollution can have impacts across a large geographical area (and in many cases cause seriously global effects). There have been a number of areas where international law has helped to shape policies and rules on both a domestic and European level. Therefore, with regards to our particular topic, atmospheric pollution in England is regulated, not only by domestic bodies, but moreover, on a European and global level. The problems related to air pollution are by no means a new phenomenon. The prohibitions on certain activities producing smoke are probably the first instances of environment pollution legislation in the United Kingdom, and legislation dates back to 1863 with the Alkali Act, Public Health Act 1875 and 1936, Public Health (Smoke Abatement) Act 1926 and the Clean Air Act (CAA) 1956. The first modern piece of legislation combating air pollution, namely the Alkali Act, represented the culmination of a long period of dissatisfaction with environmental conditions, especially in London. For example, in 1819, an M.P had written, â€Å"[T]he volumes of smoke which issues from the furnaces on every side of the river Thames opposite my own house actually blacken every flower I have in my own garden in Whitehall†22 Until the CAA 1956 was introduced, the government of Britain has had a large amount of difficulty in tackling the problems of atmospheric pollution. Nowadays, the 3 main pollution controls in Britain (which will be clearly explained in detail in), are the Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)23 and Integrated Pollution and Control (IPPC), the Clean Air Act (CAA)24 1993 (a consolidation of the CAA 1956 and CAA 1968), and the controls relating to vehicle emissions. In addition to these, the Environmental Act 1995 25(EA 1995) naturally plays a large role, as it does in all environmental issues. 3.1 Having discussed the topic of environmental law, recapped on the history of atmospheric pollution, and established that there is a need for change, it is now necessary to discuss and evaluate the measures and changes which have been made, by domestic, European and international governments along with a vast number of very influential pressure groups. The main three are (mentioned in section ): a) The Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)26 and Integrated Pollution and Control (IPPC) license based controls relating to a range of highly polluting industries detailed in part1 of the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990 and the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) 1999. b) The criminal sanction based controls over the emission of smoke and other particulate matter from chimneys and furnaces detailed in the Clean Air Act (CAA) 1993. c) Controls relating to vehicle emissions. These controls encompass engine efficiency standards, the chemical composition of fuels, the mandatory use of catalytic converters, eco-taxes, price differentials between different types of fuel and the use of traffic management powers.27. The aforementioned controls are an enhancement made by the Environmental Act 1995. 3.2 The CAA 1993 concentrates on the control of emissions on smoke, dust and grit by means of criminal offences. The main offences are, emissions of dark smoke – from a chimney or from industrial premises, emissions of dust and grit from non-domestic furnaces, emissions of smoke from a chimney in a ‘Smoke Control Area’ and various other offences relating to the installation of furnaces. Having stated earlier, atmospheric pollution is not merely a domestic issue, the involvement of Europe is particularly highlighted with the great many directives established. Since 1993, when the Maastricht Treaty on the European Union (EU) reformed the Treaty of Rome, Articles 130r – 130t of the EC Treaty have provided the legal basis for Community environmental law. Specifically, under Article 130r (2), environmental policy is guided by four principles: the precautionary, the polluter-pays principle, the integration principle, and the source principle. Moreover, the aforementioned Article further provides that a directive or regulation may include a ‘safeguard clause’, which allows Member States to take any appropriate measure to protect the environment in case of emergency28. European Community (EC) measures to curb air pollution can be divided into different categories. Emissions from industrial plants – whereby the most important directive is the Large Combustion Plant Directive (88/609/EEC). In addition to this, Directives 89/369/EEC (dealing with emissions from incineration plants, and Directive 96/61/EC (IPPC) which was implemented into national law in 1999 are the most important directives regarding Emissions from industrial plants. Another category is that of Air pollution affecting the ozone layer and global warming in which EC regulations 3322/88, 591/91 and 549/91 which have banned CFCs and hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), respectively. Air quality standards have been inputted in Air Quality Framework Directives (96/62/EC) and 99/30/EC. As can be seen, the EC has implemented a large number of directives, however, what is not apparent from the information given, is which have been implemented in British national law. The EC also concentrates on vehicle emission standards, product quality standards and atmospheric pollution and waste reduction29. 4.0 As an evaluation, it is necessary to view the opinions and publications of specialised bodies that thrive to ever improve the environment, such as Green Peace and Friends of the Earth. However, when consulting such sources, one is required to acknowledging the great possibilities of biasness, in order to assess the contribution these measures and policies have made on the atmospheric pollution levels in Britain. Regarding one particular publication issued by Friends of the Earth, it was stated, that by using government data and methods to calculate an Air Quality Indicator for 1999 established that air quality is still ‘very poor’. The calculation shows, for key monitoring sites around Britain, the average number of days on which air pollution levels were above the Government’s air quality standard. John Prescott called it a â€Å"key quality of life indicator†. It was also stated that road traffic is the major source of air pollution in the UK, which is responsible for 48% of UK emissions of nitrogen dioxide, 26% of particles, 2% of sulphur dioxide and 74% of carbon monoxide. Ozone is a secondary pollutant, produced by reactions between nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons. Road traffic is responsible for 38% of UK emissions of hydrocarbons. In this report, it was stated that the share of pollution produced by road traffic would be significantly higher in towns and cities. 4.1 The (New) Labour government took office in 1997 promising to be â€Å"the first truly green Government ever† and to put â€Å"concern for the environment at the heart of policy making†. There have been real achievements. In Labour’s first term, both Tony Blair and John Prescott led international efforts to agree the Kyoto treaty to fight climate change. Labour committed the UK to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, the most significant climate changing gas, by 20% by 2010. Despite Tony Blair’s very close relationship with the United States, he is still prepared to criticise President Bush for reneging on this treaty and attempting to undermine support for it from other states. Gordon Brown overcame considerable hostility from the business lobby to introduce the Climate Levy, which has begun to give industry clear incentives to cut emissions. Unfortunately, this is where achievements tend to become more difficult to establish. Early in Labour’s first term, Chancellor Gordon Brown took important steps to implement the basic principle of green taxation, that tax should be raised on polluting and environmentally destructive behaviour, with the revenues used to pay for green initiatives and to cut taxes on employment. But New Labour has now simply surrendered to the fuel tax protestors, and abandoned the process of gradually raising fuel duty to ensure that the cost of motoring more accurately reflects the environmental damage it causes. And in his last Budget, Brown put employers’ National Insurance contributions back up again, increasing the cost of labour and discouraging job creation.30 4.2 Ultimately, it appears that any capitalist economy must face the full scale of any atmospheric pollution problem presented by their production. As stated in 1.2, a capitalist economy focuses on survival of the fittest to ensure its own self preservation. Eventually, if the exhaustion of natural resources is approached, a capitalist economy will have to modify it’s own behaviour to guarantee it’s own survival, for it requires these resources to continue it’s existence. It appears as though we are, environmentally, living in a vicious circle, whereby our preventative measures are preventing one particular problem, but at the same time, causing a problem of a different nature. It is only when that problem becomes apparent to public knowledge that it begins to be tackled. It appears, from methods undertaken before, for the protection of the environment that we may be preventing the condition of our earth from deteriorating to such a dismal point. Our structural interventions in capitalist economy do not appear without merit, albeit sometimes unnoticeable. 4.3 It was stated by Al Gore31 in his book ‘ Earth in the Balance’: †Modern industrial civilisation is colliding violently with our planet’s ecological system.’ We inherited Eden and are leaving our children a depleted rubbish tip’32. However, on a global scale, this appears not to be, in my opinion, the case. Having researched this project for a number of months, one can honestly believe that environmentally, things are getting better. Although issues are still to be found on a daily basis in any newspaper one picks up, the fact remains that things are getting better – or are getting worse, at a slower rate than they were previously. 4.3 ‘Air pollution is not a new phenomenon that has been getting worse and worse, but an old phenomenon that has been getting better and better, leaving London cleaner than it has been since the Middle Ages.’33 Having evaluated governmental policies and researched air pollution, foremost in Britain, one would hope that this statement can now be conclusively agree, or disagreed with. Evidently, the system in which the British government takes actions often referred to as the ‘sectoral approach’34 means that whilst our nation is tackling one particular aspect of pollution, another problem would shift to another sector. ‘Britain has a problem with embarking upon the environmental issue on the whole’35. Therefore, in a brief summary of the above conclusions, it can be said that the environmental issues themselves are not seemingly the problem. Moreover, it is the funding of the implementation that causes the problems. Environmental issues are being discovered and publicised weekly. If the nation were to consider only issues relating to the environment (which it seems the Green Party and other such organisation are aiming for), there would be no advancement in other fields. Therefore, the question of sustainable development is highlighted again. How much should a nation consider the state of the environment, when clearly it needs to concentrate on the economy? As everyone is aware, the government obtains most of it’s funding from taxes. If they were to continuously tax the nation, then no one would vote for them. Therefore, they have to bind their policies with one another and establish a sustainable method in which to provide both for the present, and the growing nation. Consequently, on the whole, the implementation of policies and legislation appear to be having a generally good effect on the atmospheric pollution level in Britain. One question remains, however, and that is, for how long will the preventative principle prevail, and will be sufficient in curbing an environmental hazard? In essence, it appears as though sustainable development is the mainframe of environmental and political ideology, and that government policy, and legislative implementation is delivering a sound task in the   field of atmospheric pollution in maintaining sustainable development. After all, it must be remembered, that no organisation in this world is flawless in its methods, and with it come faults, as is evident with the topic of atmospheric pollution. On the whole, policy and legislation appear to be achieving the ever fervent goal of sustainability. How to cite Atmospheric Pollution, Papers

Mental Health Care Facilities

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Care Facilities. Answer: Introduction: High rate of suicide among men over 75 years of age is a major public health problem in Australia and in many parts of the world. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics the highest number of suicides in 2013 were recorded for men over 85 years of age. The number was 36.7 per 100,000 in 2012 ("Elderly men three times more likely to die by suicide", 2014). As the average life expectancy increases, the elderly population of Australia is also growing. Several studies have tried to study the causes associated with the problem of suicide, however there are fewer studies that target the elderly population. Bringing about a deliberate end to one's life has been defined as suicide (Nagaratnam, Nagaratnam, Cheuk, 2011). Psychosocial and medical factors are the most likely reasons for suicide in men over 85 years. The principal reason for ending life among the aged men is functional disability. Specific conditions may also trigger suicidal tendencies and these could include malignanc y, liver disease, male genital diseases, neurological disorders, pain and arthritis. Strategies for prevention of causes that lead to suicide include treatment of mental health problems among the elderly. Social causes of suicide can be addressed by providing support to those elderly men who live alone in the community, or are residents of aged health care homes. Several interventions have been tried to solve the problem of social isolation of the elderly, but most have not been found to be effective (Findlay, 2003). Reduced mobility and chronic ailments make moving out of the residence difficult for the aged. In a survey on Australian men who have contemplated suicide, 67% men said they wish they could have communicated with someone they could trust and respect. Participants were men above the age of 18 years and they did not take the extreme step because 67% of them feared the impact it would have on the lives of their families (Shand et al., 2015). There was no correlation between smoking in men with mental health issues and their tendency to commit suicide in a survey conducted on 1812 Australian men who suffered from depression or psychosis (Sankaranarayanan, Mancuso and Castle, 2014). Depression is a major cause of suicide in elderly men and they are less likely to share suicidal thoughts with others. Prevention of suicides by treating depression can be an effective strategy. Another study made a comparison between suicides in eight age bands between 60 and 99 years of age. Families and social support from friends and younger members of the family, attitudes of younger people towards the elderly and whether they can take part in the day to day activities are factors that determine the overall quality of life of elderly people. Feelings of isolation from the family or society cause the elderly to neglect to eat, induces poor living, indulgence in substance abuse and even suicide. The issues that the elderly confront are complex. These are slowly being understood and experts recommend including suicide prevention programs as part of the care delivered in old age homes. The stress of moving from home setting to an aged care home induced by relocation should be taken care of while providing care to the aged. It is recommended to families that they continue to engage the elderly living alone or in care institutions so that they feel included in the family and feelings of isolation do not disturb them. Bereavement causes depression in old age and could be due to loss of a friend or a spouse. Physical inabilities reduce mobility and this causes social isolation. Others may face acute illness and may feel lonely and depressed. Dealing with a retired life is difficult and some men find it difficult to remain engaged in the community. About 10-20% people over the age of 65 years can suffer from depression. Mental health issues in old age stem either from depression or dementia. More access to age-appropriate mental health care facilities is required for the vulnerable among the elderly because many times treatment by general practitioners may not be enough. The understanding of how cognitive behaviour therapy and medications can be effective for this age group needs to be understood by the practitioners. Experts have recognized that the need of the hour in preventing suicides by the elderly is highly specialised old age psychiatric services. ("Elderly men three times more likely to die by suicide", 2014). Treatment of depression usually involves administration of serotonin-uptake inhibitors which could be either tricyclic antidepressants or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (Kokoung, Cavenett, McArthur, Aromtaris, 2015). Another aspect to think about is each individual's ability to cope with the set of circumstances that old people find themselves in. There is a considerable difference in how the course of a person's journey in earlier life impacts the risk of suicide in late life. Whether the person has had a difficult childhood, an individual's innate personality, trauma that may have been suffered in life, whether a person has had issues related to substance abuse have a bearing on how the challenges of old age are faced. It is important to understand that contrary to what some people believe, it is not right to think that it is alright for the aged to be depressed. Well adjusted aged people have a matured outlook towards life due to experience and they suffer a lesser impact of incidents that might the people younger in age quite perturbed. Their position as patriarchs and matriarchs in society is due to this age-related wisdom and attitude. Prevention of suicides in the elderly is of utmost impo rtance. The thin line that divides euthanasia and suicide does not in any way mean that old people can take the route of suicide in countries where euthanasia is illegal. Work on prevention needs to tackle the triggers of suicidal thought, whether the reasons are psychological or social in nature. Countries that have legalised euthanasia still have a considerably high number of cases of suicides in men aged over 75 years (Draper, 2014). Social and/or psychiatric causes of suicide in the elderly are problems that have solutions. To dismiss these problems as a natural course during old age is rather partisan. In the UK, the Campaign to end loneliness has worked and reduced the number of suicides among the elderly. They have been able to find a solution to the problem of loneliness that can drive a person to despair and adopt the drastic measure of suicide. Old, hapless and widowed, men at an advanced age may have been cared for by their wives and may have relied on her for making social contacts and ties earlier (Horin, 2015). With no one by their side and lacking in social skills, the men folk are left desolate. Development of a hobby that can help time to fly could make life that much more purposeful and drives away suicidal thoughts (Innamorati et al., 2014). The rate at which the suicides have been reported have raised concerns over the manner in which suicides among the elderly have been the result of lacunae in framing policy, poor representation in the media and faults in the planning of service delivery that has failed to prevent at least some of the deaths. Depression should not be considered normal among the aged by clinicians and thus warning signs should not be missed when treating the elderly. Poor social support and unaddressed problems of anxiety and depression have also been the main reasons for an increase in the problem of suicides induced by depression (Magarey, 2015). Deprivation of social connect occurs because a person needs to be cared about by other people, when this need remains unmet, a person may begin to desire death. Some individuals perceive themselves as a burden on others because their care needs have increased and they begin to feel that it is alright for them to die. Taken together, unmet social needs and the feeling of having become a burden on the carers can trigger a desire for death (Fassberg et al., 2012). Seeking help for problems related to mental distress is perceived by men as a sign of weakness and they tend to deal with their complex emotional needs on their own. More often elderly men do not have information about support services that they can access and at times they might doubt the usefulness of the support services (Beaton Forster, 2012). Several strategies for suicide prevention among the elderly may be employed. Improvement in resilience through counselling, introducing the concept of positive ageing, keeping the family members engaged in the well-being of the elderly and the use of telecom technology to keep in touch with the aged can play a significant role in prevention. If suicidal tendencies are identified by doctors, means restriction and education can be used to deter the aged from suicide (Lapierre et al., 2011). Prevention can be effective when society treats the elderly with respect, dignity and, compassion. In most cases, the person who is contemplating suicide gives out signals to people around them. Once such a communication is received, it should be reported to the general physician. Gaps in the training of personnel responsible for monitoring the mental health of the aged need to be removed. Management of mood disorders can be treated as the primary method of suicide prevention among older men (Podgor ski, Langford, Pearson, Conwell, 2010). For each case of suicide, it is likely that there have been 20 attempts at committing suicide (WHO, 2016). References Beaton, S., P., F. (2012). Insights into Men's Suicides. InPsych, 34(4). Retrieved from https://www.psychology.org.au/ Draper, B. (2014). Suicidal behaviour and suicide prevention in later life.Maturitas,79(2), 179-183. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.04.003 Elderly men three times more likely to die by suicide. (2014). Retrieved 15 August 2016, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-27/elderly-men-three-times-more-likely-to-die-by-suicide/5349116 Fssberg, M., Orden, K., Duberstein, P., Erlangsen, A., Lapierre, S., Bodner, E. et al. (2012). A Systematic Review of Social Factors and Suicidal Behavior in Older Adulthood.International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health,9(12), 722-745. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030722 Findlay, R. (2003). Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: where is the evidence?.Ageing And Society,23(05), 647-658. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x03001296 Horin, A. (2015, September 6). Why are older men committing suicide? Retrieved from https://adelehorin.com.au/2015/09/06/why-are-older-men-committing-suicide/ Innamorati, M., Pompili, M., Di Vittorio, C., Baratta, S., Masotti, V., Badaracco, A. et al. (2014). Suicide in the Old Elderly: Results from One Italian County.The American Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry,22(11), 1158-1167. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.03.003 KoKoAung, E., Cavenett, S., McArthur, A., Aromataris, E. (2015). The association between suicidality and treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in older people with major depression: a systematic review.JBI Database Of Systematic Reviews And Implementation Reports,13(3), 174-205. https://dx.doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2272 Lapierre, S., Erlangsen, A., Waern, M., De Leo, D., Oyama, H., Scocco, P. et al. (2011). A Systematic Review of Elderly Suicide Prevention Programs.Crisis,32(2), 88-98. https://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000076 Magarey, J. (2015, August 24). /ageism-to-blame-for-elderly-mens-suicide-rate-experts-warn/news-story/. Retrieved from https://www.theaustralian.com.au: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/ageism-to-blame-for-elderly-mens-suicide-rate-experts-warn/news-story/613895e44dddc731a996ba29805895ab Nagaratnam, N., Nagaratnam, K., Cheuk, G. (2011).Diseases in the elderly. Springer. Podgorski, C., Langford, L., Pearson, J., Conwell, Y. (2010). Suicide Prevention for Older Adults in Residential Communities: Implications for Policy and Practice.PloS Med,7(5), e1000254. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000254 Sankaranarayanan, A., Mancuso, S., Castle, D. (2014). Smoking and suicidality in patients with a psychotic disorder.Psychiatry Research,215(3), 634-640. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.032 Sankaranarayanan, A., Mancuso, S., Wilding, H., Ghuloum, S., Castle, D. (2015). Smoking, Suicidality and Psychosis: A Systematic Meta-Analysis.PLOS ONE,10(9), e0138147. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138147 Shand, F., Proudfoot, J., Player, M., Fogarty, A., Whittle, E., Wilhelm, K. et al. (2015). What might interrupt men's suicide? Results from an online survey of men.BMJ Open,5(10), e008172. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008172 WHO. (2016). /suicide-prevention/attempts_surveillance_systems/en/. Retrieved from https://www.who.int: https://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/attempts_surveillance_systems/en/